Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4152 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Modelling for pollutant migration in the tannery belt, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India N. C. Mondal* and V. S. Singh National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India Groundwater in and around Dindigul town in Tamil Nadu, India, is polluted due to discharge of untreated effluents from 80 functional tanneries. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in about 100 km2 area are observed ranging from 2000 to 30,573 mg/l in open dug wells. A mass transport model was constructed to study pollutant migration. The study area covering 240 km2 was chosen to construct the groundwater flow model in the weathered part of unconfined aquifer system. The shallow groundwater potential field computed through the flow model was then used as input to the mass transport model. MT3D computer code was used to simulate mass transport in groundwater system. The mass transport model was calibrated with field observations. The available database was, however, quite sparse. Notwithstanding, efforts were made to arrive at reasonable guesstimates of the characteristic parameters. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas" essay for you Create order Sensitivity analysis, an integral part of calibration was carried out whereby model parameters, viz. transmissivity, dispersivity, etc. were altered slightly and the effect on calibration statistics was observed. This study clearly indicates that transmissivity plays a more sensitive role than dispersivity, indicating that the migration phenomenon is mainly through advection rather than dispersion. The study also indicated that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present level, TDS concentration level in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of present level. Keywords: Dindigul, groundwater pollution, pollutant migration, tannery industry, weather zone. THE study area, a granitic rock formation in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India possesses poor groundwater potential. Serious contamination of both surface water and groundwater has been reported in this area as a result of uncontrolled discharge of untreated effluents by 80 tanneries for the last three decades1–4. The health of the rural farming community and people working in the tanning industries has been seriously affected. They suffer from occupational diseases such as asthma, chromium ulcers and skin diseases5. About 100 km2 area of fertile land has lost its fertility. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration6 in groundwater at some pockets varies from 17, 024 to 30, 575 mg/l. As the discharge of effluents continues, a prognosis of fur- ther pollutant migration is carried out using a mathematical model. A numerical model of the area was developed using the finite difference technique coupled with method of characteristics and it was also used to predict TDS migration for the next 20 years. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the parameters which influence contaminant migration. Sensitivity analysis shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration. There are a large number of reports and papers available to describe the solute transport models to study contaminant migration in the industrial belts, coastal aquifer, etc. (C. P. Gupta et al. , unpublished)7–14. The computer software MOC developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10 based on finite difference coupled with the modified method of characteristics is used for the present study. The area is a hard-rock, drought-prone region situated in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1) and it lies between 10 °13? 44? –10 °26? 47? N lat. and 77 °53? 08? – 78 °01? 24? E long. It is spread over an area of about 240 km2 and is characterized by undulating topography with hills located in the southern parts, sloping towards north and northwest15. The highest elevation (altitude) in the hilly area (Sirumalai Hill) is of the order of 1350 m amsl, whereas in the plains it ranges from 360 m amsl in the southern portions to 240 m amsl in the northern part of the area. No perennial streams exit in the area, except for shortdistance streams encompassing second- and third-order drainage15,16. Run-off from precipitation within the basin ends in small streams flowing towards the main river, Kodaganar. *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] co. in) 1600 Figure 1. Location map. CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS The average annual rainfall17 is of the order of 915. 5 mm for the period 1971–2001. Geologically, the area is occupied with Achaean granites and gneisses, intruded by dykes. Black cotton soil and red sandy soil predominate. The thickness of soil varies from 0. 52 to 5. 35 m, but thickness of weathering15 varies from 3. 1 to 26. 6 m. Distribution of the weathered zone varies from place to place within the basin, and as such this shallow zone may not be a stable source for large demands of groundwater. The weathered zone facilitates the movement and storage of groundwater through a network of joints, faults and lineaments, which form conspicuous structural features. Apart from the structural controls on groundwater movement, the terrain is covered with pediment and buried pediment at the southern and western sides. Another most dominant formation is charnokite, which is found in the extreme southern and southeastern parts of the Sirumalai Hill. Groundwater is extracted through dug well, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells for different purposes (V. S. Singh et al. , unpublished). The general trend of groundwater motion under shallow aquifer is in the north and northwest directions (Figure 2). The groundwater quality of samples was taken twice a year from five existing dug wells (depth range 14. 00– 24. 85 m) for the period from January 1988 to July 1995 and has been monitored by Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu17. Locations of the wells are shown in Figure 1. TDS concentration observed in the field at five dug wells during January 1988, January 1990, July 1991 and January 1994 is shown in Table 1. TDS showed increasing trends. The PWD hydrochemical data indicate that major ions such as sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate, and total hardness are also (N. C. Mondal, unpublished Ph D thesis) high, corresponding with the high TDS. The groundwater samples were made available for January 2001 from the field. These data also could be incorporated in the present study. The statistical parameters, viz. inimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of different chemical constituents of groundwater samples are shown in Table 2. These data show that groundwater is highly polluted due to tannery effluents in the eastern side of the Kodaganar river and western side of the town6. In order to observe the distribution pattern of TDS and to demarcate the higher concentration zones in the study area, the TDS contour map was prepared as shown in Figure 3. Geometry and boundary conditions in the aquifer are generally complex, because the aquifer is in hard rock terrain. Analytical methods are rarely applicable to find a Table 1. Period January 1988 January 1990 July 1991 January 1994 TDS values (mg/l) in five-PWD wells 83029A 465 630 794 1008 83503 1760 1761 1856 2136 83514 1500 2103 2366 3210 83515A 555 762 1217 629 83029 1046 1309 1901 1958 Figure 2. 2001). Water level contours (m, amsl) and flow direction (April Figure 3. TDS contours map (January 2001). 1601 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 2. Minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of groundwater Ca 38 1741 288 307 Mg 1 936 145 163 Na 26 4850 348 545 K 1 215 21 34 HCO3 31 756 377 140 Cl 25 10390 1079 1560 SO4 13 961 185 161 NO3 1 252 35 44 TDS Minimum Maximum* Mean Standard deviation 349 17000 2496 2507 Ions in mg/l. *Maximum value obtained in the sample collected from the adjutancy for the tannery. Samples were collected during January 2001. Figure 4. Grid map for flow and mass transport modelling. closed form solution of the 2D groundwater flow equation18. An approximate one, which is traceable, replaces this equation only by finite difference approximation technique. It will be easy to handle for numerical compositions. The starting point for the application of this method is discretization of small rectangular sub-regions in a grid form. The partial differential equations were replaced by a finite difference equation at each node. Several techniques, such as interative alternating direct procedure, successive overrelaxation methods, etc. are available for solving the set of the resultant simultaneous algebraic equations. The main stages of mass transport modelling are as follows: †¢ Solving the groundwater flow equation using finite difference method. †¢ Estimation of fluid velocities at each node. †¢ Solving the mass transport equation using finite difference technique and method of characteristics using the flow velocities. In order to set up the model in the MODFLOW set of codes, the area of interest needs to be divided into a series of 1602 grid blocks or cells19. This grid has to be block-centred, i. e. the groundwater heads will be computed at the centre of each grid block. Taking into account that there are no steep slopes in the water table and that the areal extent of the basin in about 209 km2, a grid size of 250 ? 250 m2 (total no. of grids = 3342) was decided (Figure 4). The layer is in unconfined condition and corresponds to a layer type 1 in MODFLOW. This type of layer requires only horizontal hydraulic conductivity values as well as specific yield values to be defined. The actual values of the ground surface elevation and bottom elevation of the bedrock were entered at the model. This is a simplification of the system and can be justified by the fact that the weathering and fracturing processes actually start from the surface of the formations and gradually progress deeper. The aquifer is dipping from southeast to northwest, with variable thicknesses. In the present case, the boundary conditions had been determined based on the hydraulic condition. Initially, these values were applied in the conceptual model. Figure 1 illustrates the boundary conditions set in the area. A specified flow boundary (Neumann conditions) is one for which the derivative of head (flux) across the boundary is given. A no-flow boundary condition is set by specifying this flux to be zero19. No-flow boundary has been set in the southern part of the basin. There are two facts that justify the use of a no-flow boundary: (i) Charnokite has been characterized as practically impermeable in the conceptual model and (ii) the water table is close to the surface. A groundwater flow divide is therefore likely to occur where there is surface flow divide. The northern boundary of the area was simulated through generalized head boundary, in order to represent groundwater discharge. These values were used in the steady-state simulation. At the calibration time, due to lack of data, it was assumed as constant. Other important boundaries: (i) Weathered part of the aquifer was considered as a porous one; (ii) aerial recharge and pumpages were assigned at random and (iii) wherever dykes and exposures are present, transmissivity values were adjusted and assigned according to their direction and length. The groundwater flow regime model was prepared only for the shallow aquifer zone tapped by dug wells and dugcum-bore wells (up to 27. 68 m thickness). This implies that the deeper fractured zones do not take part either in CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS groundwater flow or in mass transport. The aquifer is also treated as a porous one for modelling purposes. TDS concentration in the surface effluents was assumed to be more than 30,000 mg/l during the period September 1988 to February 2002. The quantity of fluid effluents seeping to the groundwater system was assumed to be 30% of the surface effluents. It was also assumed that on a conservative basis the solvent reaching the water table has a solute concentration, which is 30% of that present at the surface. The remaining 70% of the solutes may get absorbed in the unsaturated zones or are carried away by the run-off. An effective porosity of 0. 2, longitudinal dispersivity of 30 m and transverse dispersivity of 10 m were uniformly assumed for the entire area. The mass transport model was calibrated in two stages: steady-state and transient state. It was also assumed that TDS did not influence by density and viscosity values, which may affect the groundwater flow and pollutant migration. The computer software developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10, based on groundwater flow equation and the modified method of characteristics was used. Various parameters (collected from the field) were assigned to the corresponding nodes. The purpose of calibration of the groundwater flow model is to demonstrate that the model can respond to fieldmeasured heads and flows, which are the calibration values19. The purpose of this modelling exercise is to solve an inverse problem, i. . to find a set of parameters, boundary conditions and stresses that reproduce the calibration values within a certain re-established range of error (calibration targets). In this case, a trial and error calibration technique has been used. Parameters are initially assigned to each node in the grid. Then these parameter values are adjusted in sequential model runs to ma tch the calibration targets. This method was chosen because information that cannot be quantified is being used (as opposed to an automated calibration procedure). Nevertheless, this method is largely influenced by the modeller’s expertise and biases. The calibration parameters set in this modelling exercise are the generalized head boundary, recharge, evapotranspiration, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, etc. TDS concentration (C) was then calculated at all node points for September 1988, a date up to which the system was assumed to be in a steady-state condition. There was a mismatch between observed and computed values of C. Therefore, efforts were made to obtain a reasonably better match by modifying the magnitude and distribution of the background concentration and pollutant load. However, the situation could not be improved much. This may be due to a variety of factors, the most important being the lacunae and inaccuracies in the database. To obtain the real representation of the aquifer system, field data (January 2001) were considered for other steady-state condition and were also run to visualize the mass transport model. The computed versus observed C values are illustrated in Figure 5. As the steady-state model could not reproduce the observed data at all the points, a time-variant simulation was carried out. This was done for the period January 1988 to July 1995 based on available historical data. Pollution load reached the groundwater system at various clusters during this period. Computed C for five PWD wells is higher than the observed values. These values, however, could not be rectified, as there was no basis for modifying either model parameters or pollutant load in the absence of any actual field estimates. It should be mentioned here that the present model only illustrates the feasibility of applying modelling techniques to study this problem and to use it for prediction of system behaviour for some future scenarios. The impact of varying conductivity, dispersivity, and C? W (TDS pollution load at the source) was studied. Variations caused in TDS concentration at selected node points as a result of variations in these parameters are shown in Table 3. This parameter was changed by 20% (upwards and downwards) of the value assigned in the model at each node. Change in conductivity affects groundwater velocity, causing redistribution of solute concentration. In general, higher the conductivity, faster is the movement of the solute. Therefore, the concentration is reduced near the sources and increased and vice versa (see columns 3 and 4, Table 3). The longitudinal dispersivity was increased to 50 and 100 m (from 30 m). Transverse dispersivity was taken as one-third of the longitudinal dispersivity. No significant changes in TDS concentration were noticed due to increase in dispersivity (see columns 5 and 6, Table 3). This shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration in the tannery belt. The effect of varying this parameter by 20% (upwards and downwards) at 32 source points (nodes taken at the major 1603 Figure 5. Computed vs observed C in steady-state (January 2001). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS a b c Figure 6. III). Predicted TDS concentration in (mg/l) for (a) January 2020 (scenario 1). (b) January 2010 (scenario II) and (c) January2020 (scenario tannery clusters) was examined. It was found that C rises with an increase in the pollution load C? W and vice versa (see columns 7 and 8, Table 3). 1604 A reliable prognosis of pollutant migration is possible only if a validated model is available. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of the present model, it could be used to progCURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Table 3. Target 1 16 33 35 36 38 39 58 62 64 75 77 81 K0C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1928. 0 9915. 5 5933. 2 8316. 8748. 4 16737. 0 3004. 3 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 Variation in TDS concentration for a few target points by varying K, AL and C? K1C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1931. 7 9909. 2 5778. 8 8264. 1 8629. 7 16773. 0 3003. 2 3889. 9 6191. 1 2266. 9 3000. 0 2913. 8 K2C (mg/l) 1999. 9 1938. 5 9929. 6 5864. 1 8292. 5 8688. 5 16758. 0 3004. 6 3890. 5 6198. 9 2275. 5 3000. 0 2903. 9 A1C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 4 9911. 3 5972. 2 8330. 0 8781. 8 16726. 0 3004. 6 3872. 7 6392. 7 2321. 1 3000. 0 2890. 1 A2C (mg/l) 2000. 0 1925. 3 9910. 9 5970. 8 8329. 6 8782. 2 16726. 0 3004. 7 3875. 9 6392. 5 2322. 2 3000. 0 2889. 9 C1? C (mg/l) 1998. 9 1928. 3 9915. 5933. 0 8316. 0 8748. 0 16736. 9 3004. 0 3877. 6 6336. 3 2308. 6 3000. 0 2895. 0 C2? C (mg/l) 2000. 9 1928. 5 9915. 5 5933. 4 8316. 6 8748. 9 16737. 1 3004. 5 3877. 8 6334. 3 2308. 0 3000. 0 2895. 0 K0 is conductivity for calibrated model in m/d; AL = 30 m (longitudinal dispersivity); C? = 9000 mg/l (concentration); K0C is TDS concentration for K0, AL and C? ; K1C is TDS concentration for K1 = (80% of K0), AL and C? ; K2C is TDS concentration for K1 = (120% of K0), AL and C? ; A1C is TDS concentration for AL = 50 m, K0, C? ; A2C is TDS concentration for AL = 100 m, K0, C? ; C1? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 7200 mg/l, K0, AL; and C2? C is TDS concentration for C1? = 10800 mg/l, K0, AL. Targets shown in Figure 4. nosticate some general inferences. The following three scenarios were considered for predicting the extent of pollution in the area at the end of a 20-year period. TDS load remains invariant during the entire period of prediction. (ii) TDS load is increased to double the present level (January 2001) during the entire period of prediction. (iii) TDS load is reduced to half the present level. The TDS load is a result of both the effluents discharged from the tanneries and the leaching of the previous adsorbed solutes in the unsaturated zone. Thus, effectively overall discharge from the tanneries is assumed to reduce about 50% of the present level. The predicted TDS concentration level (scenario 1) for the year 2020 is shown in Figure 6 a. It can be seen that C progressively increases in the area due to continuous addition of solids to the groundwater system. The area in which TDS content in groundwater may be more than 4000 mg/l is likely to be doubled within the next two decades from the present size between the river and town, towards north and west of Dindigul town. Figure 6 b shows a comparison of observed and computed C for scenario 2. It can be seen that at the end of a 10-year period (2010), C will be the same as that for scenario 1, but may still be high at some locations. Figure 6 c shows a comparison of predicted and observed C for scenario 3. It can be seen that at the end of a 20-year period (2020), C will be reduced but may still be high at some places. At the centre of the tannery cluster, C is reduced but in the northern side it increase due to movement of pollutant due to advection. Prognosis using the model confirms that the polluted area as well as the concentration of pollutants in the groundwater will continue to increase in future. The study also indicates that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005 (i) level, TDS concentration in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of the original level (in 2001). To conclude: †¢ The concentration of TDS has been computed through MT3D mass transport model, starting with a background concentration of 1000 mg/l. Even though TDS has been selected for simulation of contaminant migration, the migration of any species will follow a similar pattern as mass transport is primarily driven by advection. From transient condition, it is inferred that TDS concentration has steeply increased in and around the tannery cluster. The impact of varying TDS in the tannery belt is based on advection than dispersive mechanism. †¢ Despite lacunae in the database for the modelling of pollutant migration in the aquifer, it has shown that if tannery effluents continue to be discharged a t the present level, both as regards the volume and TDS concentration, groundwater pollution will continue to increase. It has been noted that even if tannery effluents are reduced to 50% of the present level, even after 20 years, TDS concentration in groundwater will not be reduced to 50% of the original level (in 2001). However, exact quantification of the affected area and concentration of pollutants in groundwater is possible only if one could make a valid model based on a more representative and accurate database. 1. Peace Trust, Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, 2000, p. 280. 2. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Impact of pollution due to tanneries on groundwater regime. Curr. Sci. , 2005, 88, 1988–1994. 1605 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 3. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Hydrogeological, geophysical and hydrochemical studies for delineating groundwater contamination zones on the tannery belt, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 262–277. 4. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Integrated approach to delineate the contaminated groundwater in the tannery belt: A case study. Proceeding of the 2nd Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources Conference, Suntec, Singapore, 5–9 July 2004, vol. II, pp. 436–444. 5. Paul Basker, J. , Tanneries in Dindigul District. Dossier on Tannery Pollution in Tamil Nadu, Peace Trust, 2000, pp. 208–210. 6. Mondal, N. C. , Saxena, V. K. and Singh, V. S. , Assessment of groundwater pollution due to tanneries in and around Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 2005, 48, 149–157. 7. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Modeling flow and chemical quality changes in an irrigated stream-aquifer system. Water Resour. Res. , 1974, 10, 546–562. 8. Robson, S. G. , Feasibility of digital water quality modeling illustrated by application at Barstow, California. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations, 46–73, US Governmental Printing Office, Washington DC, 1974, pp. 1–66. 9. Konikow, J. F. , Modeling chloride movement in the alluvial aquifer at the rocky mountain Arsenel, Colorado, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2044, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1976, pp. 1–43. 10. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft, J. D. , Computer model of two dimensional solute transport and dispersion in groundwater: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the USGS, Chapter C2, Book 7, 1978, p. 90. 11. Thangarajan, M. Modeling pollutant migration in the Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol. , 1999, 38, 209–222. 12. Rao, V. V. S. G. and Gupta, S. K. , Mass transport modeling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati riverbed aquifer, Ahmedabad city, India. Environ. Geol. , 2000, 39, 893–900. 13. Ghosh Bobba, A. , Numerical modeling of salt-water intrusion due t o human activities and sea-level change in the Godavari delta, India. Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S67–S80. 14. Majumdar, P. K. , Ghosh, N. C. and Chakravorty, B. , Analysis of arsenic contaminated groundwater domain in the Nadia district of West Bengal (India). Hydrol. Sci. , 2002, 47, S55–S66. 15. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , Aquifer modeling study in and around Dindigul town, Tamil Nadu, India. In Proc. Int. Conf. (WE-2003, Bhopal) on Water and Environment, Ground Water Pollution (eds Singh and Yadava), Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 188–198. 16. Mondal, N. C. and Singh, V. S. , A new approach to delineate the groundwater recharge zone in hard rock terrain. Curr. Sci. , 2004, 87, 658–662. 17. Public Works Department (PWD), Groundwater perspectives: A profile of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. PWD, Chennai, Govt of India, 2000, p. 102. 18. Rushton, K. R. and Redshaw, S. C. , Seepage and Groundwater Models, Wiley, Chichester, 1979, p. 332. 19. Anderson, M. P. and Woessner, W. W. , Applied Groundwater Modeling, Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport, Academic Press, London, 1992, p. 381. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank Dr V. P. Dimri, Director, NGRI, Hyderabad for permission to publish this paper. N. C. M. thanks the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi for financial support to carry out this work and Dr M. Thangarajan, NGRI for valuable discussions. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for valuable suggestions. Received 10 January 2005; revised accepted 13 July 2005 1606 Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India R. S. Rana1, K. Kumar2,*, H. Singh1 and K. D. Rose3 Department of Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar 246 174, India 2 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 General Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248 001, India 3 Centre for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA 1 The first assemblage of lower vertebrates comprising fish, crocodilians and snakes is recorded from subsurface beds of the Akli Formation sampled from the Giral Lignite Mine about 40 km NNW of Barmer in Rajasthan. The fish comprise sharks, rays, lepisosteids, osteoglossids, pycnodontids and enchodontids and include among others Squatina, Ginglymostoma, Jaekelotodus, and Gymnura, which previously were not known from the subcontinent, an unnamed new species of Dasyatis, and two unidentified ? ycnodontid-like teleosteans. Reptiles are represented by crocodilians and ? boid snakes. The fauna supports a Late Palaeocene–Lower Eocene age and a coastal marine deposition under tropicaltemperate conditions. Keywords: Akli lignite, Palaeocene–Eocene, Rajasthan, vertebrates. IN western Rajasthan, the Lower Tertiary successions of shallow marine sediments occur in vast peneplained, sand covered tracts in three major basins, namely Jaisalmer, Barmer and Palana-Ganganagar1–3. These shelf sediments have attained great importance during the last four decades in view of encouraging prospects of occurrence of hydrocarbon, bentonite, and fuller’s earth deposits. Despite this, their biotic content in general and vertebrates in particular remain inadequately studied apparently because of paucity of surface exposures. Open cast mines of lignite, bentonite and fuller’s earth in several areas of Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat offer an easy alternative to this handicap though collecting sites often vanish by the next field season. Recently we sampled subsurface beds of the Akli Formation in a lignite mine at Giral and recovered rich vertebrate fauna that formed the basis for this contribution and is significant on four counts: (i) it is the first systematic record of vertebrate fossils from the Akli Formation, (ii) it includes four selachian taxa previously unknown from the subcontinent, (iii) it provides corroborative evidence on age and palaeoenvironment of Akli lignites, and (iv) it expands *For correspondence. (e-mail: [emailprotected] res. in) CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 89, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2005

Speech By Mary Fisher Speech - 1164 Words

â€Å"Two hundred thousand Americans are dead or dying. A million more are infected. Worldwide, forty million, sixty million, or a hundred million infections will be counted in the coming years† (American Rhetoric: Mary Fisher -- 1992 Republican National Convention Address). Mary Fisher, who is a Political activist, delivers a speech on August 19, 1992 at the Republican National Convention that addresses the matter of the Aids epidemic that is going on in the country. She became a spokesperson for HIV and Aids when she contracted the virus from her second husband in 1991. From the moment that when the virus had affected herself and her family; in fact, Fisher has been more determined to prevent the spread of Aids and to assist others to be†¦show more content†¦What Fisher is trying to imply by this statement is that no matter what race, gender, or even age a person is, they can still contract the disease. In this case, the baby, who is in the hospital, may have gotten the virus by the mother who may have passed the disease on to him. Another example, is from a section in the anecdote that Fisher states that though â€Å" I am female and contracted this disease in marriage [...], she is still associated with the â€Å" lonely gay man sheltering a flickering candle† in the dark, cold wind and also that â€Å"this is not a distant threat† (American Rhetoric: Mary Fisher -- 1992 Republican National Convention Address). Fisher is explaining how people who come from different backgrounds, or are different in age or gender, can still contract the disease because this threat can join the differences together (Fisher â€Å"A Whisper of Aids†). By using her affecting pathos, Fisher may leave an impact on other peoples lives. Another way Fisher aims to achieve the attention of her spectators is by the use of a fascinating and intelligent rhetorical question. The question that she states is â€Å"are you human, [...] are you human?† (American Rhetoric: Mary Fisher -- 1992 Republican National Convention Address). Fisher placed this question into her speech because people who have HIV are usually acted towards as if they â€Å"entered some alien state of being† (American Rhetoric: Mary Fisher -- 1992 Republican National Convention Address). ForShow MoreRelatedMary Fisher s Speech : A Whisper Of Aids886 Words   |  4 PagesMary Fisher’s speech entitled â€Å"A Whisper of Aids,† is an appeal to the emotional and political moods of the Republican National Conference on August 19, 1992. In this speech she talks about her disease, but unlike most people, who become depressed when they learn about contracting the disease, Mary Fisher stands up and fights for everyone who has AIDS as w ell as bringing the statics of HIV and AIDS to light. Mary Fisher’s speech can be analyzed from three different standpoints: structure, deliveryRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Fisher Speech Whisper Of Aids 1018 Words   |  5 PagesMy name is Cindy Laguerre and today I would like to write on Mary Fisher speech titled â€Å"Whisper of AIDS†. First I would like to give brief background information on Mary Fisher. Known as an artist, author, advocate, and founder of family AIDS network. As an AIDS patient herself while working for the Republican Party, she delivered her speech in 1992 in front of the whole nation. During that same year, she funded the family AIDS network. Throughout the years, she was committed to work with AIDSRead MoreAnalysis Of A Whisper Of Aids By Mary Fisher1083 Words   |  5 Pagesvirus. Mary Fisher was one of a few individuals that accepted the cruelty of the virus, only by accepting what HIV is, she was then able to challenge the virus. In order to awaken the society about the reality of AIDS, Mary Fisher’s speech, â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† would send a message of challenge towards the virus and a sense of unity for humans. By balancing three different persuasive appeals: ethos, logos and pathos, Fisher would be able to connect to a variety of audience. The message that Fisher wantedRead MoreSummary Of A Whisper Of Aids By Mary Fisher1077 Words   |  5 PagesAIDS† by Activist Mary Fisher, she speaks out against people who discriminate against others diagnosed with AIDS. She presents this speech to educate others about how to prevent AIDS. In 1992, AIDS was a worldwide epidemic that affect millions of people. Over 202,520 people were affected between 1988-1992. Most people believed AIDS/HIV was a disease for prostitutes and intravenous drug abusers due to misconceptions. Mary uses repetition, diction, and rhetorical questions in her speech to emphasize howRead MoreAn Analysis of the Speech A Whisper of AIDS825 Words   |  3 PagesA Whisper of AIDS (MLA Citation) On August 18 1992, Mary Fisher delivered the Republican National Convention Address in Houston Texas, and with her speech entitled A Whisper of AIDS, she entered the record books for one of the top 100 most influential speeches of the 20th century. Mary Fisher was a wife, mother, Republican, and was HIV positive; and her speech brought the realities of the AIDS epidemic directly to the people in the audience. And the people in the audience were those who feltRead MoreA Whisper Of Aids : A Neo Aristotelian Criticism920 Words   |  4 PagesAdvance Speech A Whisper of AIDS: A Neo-Aristotelian Criticism In this paper, I will dispute that in Mary Fisher s A Whisper of Aids speech, the use of pathos and ethos assists in her demand to end the ignorance, prejudice and silence surrounding HIV/AIDS. I will discuss how she replaces the face of AIDS with her own, allowing the conservative crowd to connect with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, Fisher approaches the speech as an epidemic speech; by heavily relying on ethos and pathos she created compassionRead MoreThe First Official Documentation Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome927 Words   |  4 Pages1980’s, a woman by the name of Mary Fisher gave a speech, 1922 Republican National Convention Address. She gave this speech for the purpose of informing the world she had been diagnosed with Aids and the disease should not be ignored and that this disease does not discriminate. In her speech, she wanted everyone to realize the importance of knowing about this disease and people that have it should not keep it a secret, it shouldn t be hidden . In addition, in her speech she talks directly to her audienceRead MoreMary Fisher: the Struggle to Inform1223 Words   |  5 PagesMary Fisher: The Struggle to Inform Demetris Vance ITT Technical Institute (Online Division) â€Å"A life lived in fear, Is a life half lived.† (Slaughter, 2010) AIDS is a worldwide epidemic that has affected and is affecting millions of people. Even though it was not discovered until 1982 many stereotypes have come along with it. Mary Fisher is an AIDS community member and is not afraid to stand up and say so. Defending and helping those with HIV/AIDS and helping them spread the word instead ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Fisher A Whisper Of Aids1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthe viruses of HIV and AIDS have been silenced for far too long. It is time to speak out. In Mary Fisher’s speech â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† she helps her audience to understand that the topic of HIV and AIDS should no longer be silenced. Fisher stood before an audience of her peers and used many forms of persuasion available to her in order to evoke a positive significant response from her audience. Mary Fisher was born in Louisville, Kentucky on April 6, 1948. She spent her early years in a first marriageRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Fishers Speech : A Whisper Of Aids1059 Words   |  5 PagesOn August 19, 1992 in Houston, Texas people gathered to hear Mary Fisher give her speech â€Å"A Whisper of Aids† at the Republican National Convention. The purpose of her speech was to raise awareness for HIV and AIDS and to make people speak up about it, â€Å"I asked the Republican Party to lift the shroud of silence to an end† (1). Fisher’s audience was anyone who would and could make a difference. Anyone who would speak up and not be silent on this issue. Someone who would bring awareness of HIV and AIDS

Taxation - Theory and Practice and Law

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Theory and Practice and Law. Answer: The government of Australia uses income tax as one of its primary method of earning it revenues. In particular, the government imposes three kinds of income tax. Namely, there is a tax from individuals salaries and wages, income tax from business, plus tax from capital gains (Reinhardt and Steel1, 2006). This paper will study analyze the case where a citizen works outside Australia, but his family resides within Australian. From the study, the paper will be able to determine whether the citizen is supposed to pay his tax to the Australian government or not. The first question here is deciding where specifically Kit residence is. Of course, before any government imposes tax liabilities to someone, it has to be determining whether the person resides in such country or not. If not that, it has to assess the source of your income (Clark and Miller, 2000). Even though, to some extent, the way the Australian government carries out its tax regulations seems different from other countries. In analyzing their residency for tax, you may find that someone is not its resident due to immigration demands, but when it comes to tax liabilities, the government includes that person as a resident, and therefore the person is charged the income tax (CCH Editors, 2009). With that, it would be necessary for this paper to determine the kit residence. In determining someones residence and citizenship, Australia adopts the use of nationality test. The objective of this test as centered in helping migrants to integrate and also maximize their opportunities (Bacc hi, 2009). For participation in this test, an applicant would be required to be permanently residing in Australia. Also, a person needs to present the identity confirmation at the time of enrollment. Plus, the department would take require a photo from someone (Braithwaite, 2009). The law of taxation in Australian covers all the details in determining whether an individual is an Australian resident or not so as to impose tax duties. In our concerned case, Kit is a permanent resident in Australia only that he spends most of his time outside Australia, and that is just because of his job's demands. If someone stays outside Australia in the most of the year, such a person would be considered a non-resident as far as tax duties are concerned (IBP, Inc., 2015). Even though, Kit case is different. He is working in Indonesia, but he signed the contract in Australia. In (Vrellis, 2011), the work states that a contract is governed in the country where it was finalized. So it means that Kit's contract was concluded with the laws of Australia. So that part alone gives a presumption that Kit would want his family to live in Australia. The next presumption of Kits residence in Australia is his Bank Account. Kits Bank Account is in Australia, and its the same bank where his salary is credited. In short, the taxation law can conclude that Kit is conducting some economic liveliness in Australia, and in doing that he has an Australian residence. Thus, this piece of information again favors Australian Residency for tax purposes. Another thing, during work-offs and holidays, were are told that Kit finds the time to come and be with his family. This fact can also be used to imply that he wants to stay in Australia. To clarify on that, citizenship is available to any applicant with an intention to reside in Australia if he or she visits Australia regularly. Having this and the fact that his family is in Australia, it also give a presumption that he is an Australian resident. So, from the information given, it's worth concluding that Kit is an Australian residence. Even though he doesn't spend much of his time in Australian, he his investments is not within Australian, his conducts portray an intention to remain in Australia. Now that he is an Australian Resident, he is eligible to pay his income tax and other taxes as stipulated by the law of Australia. For example, in (Fisher, 2012) the work states that the house owner submits charges of fire service levy to the government. Similarly, Kit has to pay for these. At the same time, the government won't charge him any tax on the income that he receives as dividends from those countries mentioned to his dual citizenship (Ashby et al. 2009). Accordingly, Kit would not need to pay any tax from the money he receives from Chile as a dividend. Additionally, in the concern for the income that he is earning from his investment in Chile, that one would be treated as income coming from foreign investments. Therefore, that would be taxed accordingly. If he wants, he can raise a claim over his foreign assets tax offsets. However, this would only apply if he has applicable offsets. Furthermore, he would have to present his capital gains or losses that he faces from his sales. So they would all appear in the tax returns and would be taxed as other regular Australian Resident. The question in the law concerning this case was whether taxation should extend to the profits the taxpayer earned from the disposition of land. The taxpayer had bought this land for mining, but he decided to sell it due to lack of capital to carry out the mining and hence he started disposing of the land. The taxpayer gained some profit from the sale, and it claimed that the government should not assess such income for the purpose of the tax. However, the court held that such profit should be evaluated for taxation (Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand, 2017). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The Taxpayer acquired had acquired for coal mining. The business worked until 1924 when the coal exhausted from the ground. As a result, the taxpayer partitioned the land, constructed roads, and buildings incorporating railway stations with the plan of selling the property at a profit. When it came to payments of tax demands, the taxpayer contested what the commissioner argued that the profit earned from the subdivision should be included as assessable income (Gaal, 2010). It argued that the business operations were not in line with their actual business. They were undertaking such action to only dispose of their assets which were not helpful to their business. To their side, the court ruled that the profit was not assessable for taxation purposes. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR Initially, the taxpayer had acquired the land for domestic use and for the fishermen who had their shares in the company. Later on, three construction companies bought the fishermen's shares. They all adopted the article of association of the company, but they had an intention to develop and partition land for sale. When it came to tax payment, the Taxpayer contested that their profit shouldnt be taxed as income. However, the court dismissed their claim and concluded that the tax papers dealing didnt constitute a separate dealing from their overall business operations (CCH Australia Ltd, 2011). In this case, the taxpayers held the land in trust for the estate of Charles Aderman. The deceased had obtained the land with the intention of carrying out desultory farming. Later on, the deceased sold half of the shares to his brother-in-law. Both decided to undertake cattle farming in a partnership business. However, the whole plan failed due to the adverse market situation and the proprietor's health (Morse Group Accountants Advisors, n.d.). So with that, the co-owners opted to subdivide the land and sell it. The council of the co-owners procured the subdivisions, and the co-owners presented a bond to the Council through a bank guarantee. They both sold the plots, and they earned a sizable profit the deal. The Taxpayer disputed that the dealing with that land should be taxed, and they argued that they were merely trying to dispose of their capital asset. To their favor, the court ruled that they were not supposed to submit their tax payments from the sale. The Taxpayer purchased the land for farming business. He carried out the farming work for some time but afterward, he found that the property would not be as profitable as it was expected due to severe drought, poor health, etc (Cooper Grace Ward, 2015). So he partitioned the land and disposed of it in 8 different blocks. The Taxpayer objected to pay the tax since profit was earnings from a capital asset. The Court accepted his appeal; it ruled that he should not pay the tax from the partitioned plots. The court reasoned that he had not acquired the land with the intention of subdividing for sale, only that he found that the farming was not as profitable as he thought. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The memorandum stated that the taxpayer's objective was to carry out business in selling the sand that was on the property. Additionally, their intention indicated that they planned to also sell the land after harvesting the sand. So the Taxpayer subdivided the land after exhausting the sand and then sold it at a profit (Prince, 2011). The Taxpayer argued that it wasn't their actual business of selling land, so they should not remit tax as required by the law. However, the court objected to their claim. About this case, Taxpayer bought agricultural land. He subdivided it and sold for a profit. He contended that the profit earned was not supposed to be a tax. However, the court declined his claim and ruled that he was expected to pay tax. It seemed to the court that he was buying and subdividing the land, and then selling it at a profit (Smith, 2003). The Taxpayers bought the land and cleared all the old houses, and then replaced them with three townhouses. Ahead of completion, he decided to search for buyers but he didn't get them (Austaxpbr.com.au, 2017). Later he started living in the houses while searching for buyers. Finally, the buyers came, and he sold the property making a profit. He then contended that he be exempted from tax obligations which the court dismissed. Conclusion If you're new to Australia intending to live there permanently, it would be good to understand that you'll be an Australian resident for tax purposes (Hill and McCune, 2007). Similarly, if you're an entrepreneur, it is also worth knowing whether a particular scheme is a little realization or you'll be required to remit your income tax. All this would be necessary to avoid huge penalties that can be imposed by the law. References Reinhardt, S. and Steel1 L. (2006). A brief history of Australias tax system. Clark, B. and Miller, L. (2000). Taxation and sport in Australia. 2nd ed. Leichhardt, N.S.W.: Federation Press, p.6. CCH Editors (2009). Australian income tax legislation 2009. 1st ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia, p.1654. Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing Policy. 1st ed. Pearson Higher Education AU, p.171. Braithwaite, V.A. (2009). Defiance in taxation and governance: Resisting and dismissing authority in a democracy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Vrellis, S. (2011). Private international law in Greece. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer law international, p.75. Fisher, R.C. ed. (2012).Intergovernmental fiscal relations(Vol. 56). Springer Science Business Media. Ashby, J.S., Webley, P. and Haslam, A.S. (2009). The role of occupational taxpaying cultures in taxpaying behaviour and attitudes. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), pp.216-227. Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand. (2017). Revenue Law Journal, 20(1). Gaal, J. (2010). Tax agents manual. 1st ed. Sydney: CCH Australia, p.141. CCH Australia, Ltd (2011). 1st ed. CCH Australia, Limited, p.734. (Morse Group Accountants Advisors (n.d.). Selling The Farm Piecemeal The Tax Issues. Cooper Grace Ward (2015). Tax and GST issues with small property developments. Brisbane; Au. Prince, J. (2011). Property Taxation. 1st ed. Milton: Wiley. Smith, A. (2003). Property Development Land and Property. WA Division. P 11 Austaxpbr.com.au. (2017). Austax. [online] Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_67178 [Accessed 22 Apr. 2017]. Hill, M. and McCune, L. (2007). The actors' handbook. 1st ed. Carlton, Vic.: Artists Technologies, p.379.

Distributed Computing Research Proposal Essay Example

Distributed Computing Research Proposal Essay Distributed computing is the way of the solution of the complicated problems which the help of several computers connected with one another into a network. Distributed computing is also the type of the parallel calculation and processing of the problem relying on the capacity of the several processors of one or more computers. The most crucial factor which enables to carry out the procedure of the distributed computing is the segmentation of the problem into the subproblems can be researched simultaneously. It is vital to possess the computers with the high power to be able to process a few related parts of the problem efficiently. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to distribute the issue into the several segments, and in this case, such type of computing is impossible. Distributed computing is a useful method for the solution of the required problems because sometimes the power of the single processor is not enough to solve the problem well. To cope with this problem, it is possible to use several computers which would combine their power and analyze the definite problem efficiently. Distributed computing is also a convenient method of computing because it is possible to transport the information and the results of the research from one computer to the other sharing the data between the members of the experts working out the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Distributed Computing Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Distributed Computing Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Distributed Computing Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Distributed computing can be accepted as the useful topic for the research because the student can improve his entire knowledge about the types and methods of computing. The success of the research proposal lies in the unique approach towards the investigation and the original student’s ideas concerning distributed computing. The young professional can learn about the topic as much as possible and then suggest his approach towards the points which are attractive to him. One can think about the strong and weak sides of distributed computing and try to dwell on the brand new ideas related to it. The student can brainstorm the new methods of the research, the new application of distributed computing in practice and the ways of the improvement of its work. Every young student has severe problems with writing because every assignment requires personal approach and precious knowledge about the issue under research. A good research proposal can be written under the effect of a free example research proposal on distributed computing written by the qualified writer. Relying upon a free sample research proposal on distributed computing one can learn about the right manner of the persuasive writing, the proper supply with the arguments and the quality selection of the methods for the research. Do you still need academic writing assistance from PhD experts? Try the following writing company and order a custom paper below:

My Goals And Aspirations Essays - DraftHolzner, Anton, Chitto Harjo

My Goals and Aspirations It's unbelievable how each year, since the beginning of high school, my perfectly laid plans for myself have unavoidably deteriorated. When I entered my freshman year, I had aspirations of being a doctor (something I had wanted to be since I was a child); I was even taking Latin to help with the medical jargon. Now, here I am entering my senior year in high school without any idea of what I want to do. Now seems to be the time to start taking life seriously and making responsible, educated choices. Looking back on it now, I realize that I cannot become the doctor I wanted to be. I have come to realize that, that dream was not only my own, but a dream of my family. My parents often talked of me becoming a doctor and although their enthusiasm continued throughout my childhood and early adolescence, mine slowly diminished; until finally I realized I did not want to become a doctor. I remember how hard it seemed to tell my parents of my decision, I felt as if I was letting them down, but I eventually came to realize that they wanted me to do what made me happy. I am not definite why I changed my mind in regard to being a doctor, I had the grades, the drive, and the willingness to make certain sacrifices, but somewhere I was missing something and I felt that I would not be satisfied in a medical career. So I started thinking about what I wanted to do; I went from teaching to law enforcement, computer programming to astronautics and numerous other professions. Now I come to a crossro ad in my life where I must choose what to do with my future, choose what will make me happy. I have always wanted the typical ?American Dream' to have a husband I am in love with, a stable job, loving children, and a house in the suburbs. But now I realize that there are so many other steps I need to take in order to achieve these so-called goals. This includes graduating from high school and college, finding that special someone, and finding that perfect job. I have begun to realize that I have yet to begin my life; everything up until now has been practice, as if I have been in a cage and it is only now that I am beginning to break free and do things for myself. My one goal for the future is to be happy regardless of what I choose to do. I want to be satisfied with my decisions, to be able to accept and forgive, and most of all to be able to live up to the expectations I have for myself. I realize I cannot set my goals and dreams on the basis of others and I need to achieve things for myself. If I live my life for the people around me, I will never truly be happy. I will only accomplish my goal in being happy when I am able to live my life for myself and still able to provide love and support to others. I realize I don't have to have all the answers rights now, and that it's probably better that I don't. I have also figured that no matter what I do in life, I will never be completely satisfied; and that's how it should be, always looking for something more, always striving for something better.

The Indolence of Filipinos Essays

The Indolence of Filipinos Essays The Indolence of Filipinos Essay The Indolence of Filipinos Essay When we talk about indolence it’s being about the laziness of Filipinos. We all know that many Filipinos are now indolence here in our society. But most of them are hardworking persons. And in my opinion I do not think that Filipinos are lazy because we are hardworking and independent group of people. And some of us are working in abroad just to raise our family in poverty especially to provide the basic needs of family the clothing, shelter and food.And because of that many Filipinos who strived hard just to give their children a decent life and proper education. But there are some who are indolence to reach their goal and lack of self-determination. With this, many Filipinos who are lazy to simply follow the rules and regulations in our society. Like the proper disposal of garbage and the traffic laws. This means that, by this simple instructions we tend to be independent, in other words lazy. Filipinos are sometimes tend to be lazy because of the low economy of our country. They are lazy finding solutions to their problems. That’s why many of us were influenced to do negative actions such as kidnapping, drug addiction, teenage pregnancy and not pursuing education trying to fit in and becoming part of a circle, not standing with the negative influences is truly the miserable thing that a Filipino with encounter. However, the thing that I must be proud of being a Filipino is that being hospitable to the other people and also they work hard under the heat of the sun like the farmers. Without them we are nothing because we don’t have nothing to eat.Also to the Overseas Filipino Worker or OFW they endure to leave their family and suffer the consequences to the other country. Even though there are others who are molested by their employee because to them we are just nothing, nothing but a low educated person. There are some who stand strong and not affected of what the foreigners treated the Filipinos. They have the strong determination that wi thout the Filipinos they are nothing, they only depend on us because we’re hardworking and most of them don’t know how to facilitate their own living. That’s why I’m proud to be a Filipino.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Final Exam - Essay Example The world had just experienced an economic depression and majority of the Germans had lost hope in recovering their lost funds that they had invested in stocks. The Nazism provided the much needed hope to help the citizens something which the Weimar government had failed to do. This attracted majority of the populations to the support of the Nazis hence they had a great following. Hitler then became even stronger by unification with the national conservatisms party in Germany which became a major power. The World War II was majorly caused by the aggression of countries such as Japan, Italy and Germany. This was majorly influenced by the economic depressions that had hit the country’s leading to high inflations in the economy. Majority of the citizens from this countries opted for military use to gain what they wanted. Japan military attacked China and even set up Manchukuo in China so that they could get access to the minerals to help their countries. This led to bombings in cities such Guangzhou that resulted into war crimes fuelling the world tensions. Invasions of Nazi attacks and the Soviet Union’s, for instance Germany attacked Poland and acquired Sudetenland of the Czech Republic without their consent. Italy on the other hand carried attacked on Austria and expanded into East Africa regions such Ethiopia to acquire wealth that made the League of Nations to announce them assailant. As a result, the Britain and France came in to help the vulnerable nations from ag gressions of the dictatorship regimes. This led to the rise of the Second World War II. However, this war could have been avoided if Britain and France had no soft spot for the hard-line positions held by Germany as they acquired other territories or if the European countries had addressed the economic depression that had affected the various nations. They had resources and always allowed

Critical research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Critical research paper - Essay Example Creon judgment that Polyneices body was not to receive a proper burial brought out different characters of Antigone and Isemene. Polyneices body would be left unburied and be consumed by birds or animals (Heaney 2). Antigone and Isemene are different in their conduct as exposed in their character. Wolf (6) highlights that; Antigone has strong convictions and chooses to follow them. In contrast, Isemene is complacent and reluctant to act upon her convictions. Antigone believes that their brother should receive a proper burial by performing apposite burial rites. Although Polyneices was the aggressor in Thebes struggle, Antigone considers that he should be buried since he was a member of the family. Antigone’s actions are visualized as a reflection of her will because she defies the king. Greek women did not enjoy freedom as the men did. This is why Creon’s determination to defeat Antigone is motivated because she is a woman. There were societal structures accompanied by rules that defined the place of woman in Greek. Men were placed higher in hierarchy than women. Antigone perspective repels the stipulated gender roles because she is rebellious. Antigone breaks the rules of Greek culture by refusing to be passive. Isemene chooses to be compliant with the rules of Greek culture to avoid displeasing her customs. Isemene’s perspective on men is that they are superior to women and women should be submissive. Cultural viewpoint on men as superior to women makes Isemene believe that men should be obeyed. Isemene realizes the short falls of the Greek’s perspective on women as problematic. Creon sees his mistake and cannot apologize to a woman, because he would go against his cultural practice. The outstanding behavior of Antigone as a woman is that she defies the kings decree, yet she is a woman. Even though disobedience punishment is death, Antigone chooses to disobey Creon who is also a member of her family

Is it possible for atheists to be moral, ethical people, or do you Essay

Is it possible for atheists to be moral, ethical people, or do you believe that ethics and morality are inseparable from religion - Essay Example Not so according to Thomas Hobbes "the Nature of God, that tend not to his Honour, but to the honour of our own wits, and learning; and are nothing else but inconsiderate, and vain abuses of his Sacred Name" (Leviathan 1651, Chapter XXXI, Of the Kingdome of God by Nature). Thus no divine driving force should be believed to exist when religious pundits claim that both religion and god are required for morality. While moral values are considered necessary for society to grow, religious moral values are preferred to godless morality. However, one's morality should be based on core beliefs transcending into values. The background to moral values stems from human nature, what is valued. Combined with human relationships it is usually human beings that deduce what should be valued or not. While influence of religion can be accounted for it is finally individuals that make personal choices. John Stuart Mill in this Autobiography (1873) states "I have long felt that the prevailing tendency to regard all the marked distinctions of human character as innate, and in the main indelible, and to ignore the irresistible proofs that by far the greater part of those differences, whether between individuals, races, or sexes, are such as not only might but naturally would be produced by differences in circumstances, is one of the chief hindrances to the rational treatment of great social questions, and one of the greatest stumbling blocks to human improvement. (192) Therefore the label of holding moral values aligned to any religion can be negated as secular values derive itself more from human experience and empathy than religious beliefs. Religious morality cannot be deemed to be deep rooted...The knowledge of what is good and bad, right and wrong usually begins from an individuals own understanding. While morality could mean principles, in ethics we refer to moral codes, a branch of moral philosophy which studies moral conduct. Moreover one could argue that these are one and the same. While, atheists rely on the existence of god for morality to prevail, ethics revolves around behaviour, delving into anthropology, psychology, sociology and history to understand beliefs about moral norms. According to Albert Einstein, â€Å"The truth is that all religions are a varying blend of both types, with this differentiation: that on the higher levels of social life the religion of morality predominates. (Religion and Science - 1930). In modern day living this view has even been endorsed by The Dalai Lama who emphasized that "We need these human values. I call these secular ethics, secular beliefs. There’s no relationship with any particular religion. Even without religion, even as nonbelievers, we have the capacity to promote these things." Continuing the argument that ethics and morality are inseparable from religion, it has been argued that while religion upholds morality via faith from belief in god, atheists provides no moral guidance. Instead they form and adhere to ethics they themselves have decided upon. These moral standards with a code of ethics both in terms of variables and evolving decisions, being moral or its opposite immoral signify their actions.

Effectiveness of Persuasive Messages on Reader Actions

Effectiveness of Persuasive Messages on Reader Actions Effectiveness of the persuasive message ELM (Petty Cacioppo, 1986) is practical to explain the capability of the persuasive message of â€Å"The partys over† TAC advertisement regarding road safety Melody Lam Abstract Driving attitude of driver is one of the critical factors for road safety, â€Å"The partys over† TAC Advertisement on TV to promote road safety and drive for target audiences attitude change. The advertisement is aimed at stimulating the conscious thinking of target audience and it leads the target audience to evaluate the media messages through their central route with medium fear of being stopped and caught by Traffic Police Force in series of daily situations of target audience, penalty or suspension of driving license to stimulate the target audiences conscious thinking to change their attitude in order to comply with the demand for no violation of alcohol level, drug and speed limit of Australia. Adult male and young female are the target segment of the TAC advertisement Assistant Commissioner of the Traffic Policing provided statement to clearly state the Australia regulations for road safety, the regulations are being reinforced and governed by the well-equipped profes sional almost everywhere and round the clock while you are on the road, it induces that chance of not being caught is much closed to none. The effectiveness of the key messages of the advertisement were very persuasive and the effectiveness of the TAC advertisement is explaining by the EML it can be explained by the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM; Petty Cacioppo, 1986). ELM (Petty Cacioppo, 1986) is practical to explain the capability of the persuasive message of â€Å"The partys over† TAC advertisement regarding road safety Social psychology is the field of studying how human being’s cognition, consciousness, perception and attitude are influenced by the direct or indirect affection of external sources (Allport, 1985). Methodical discussions of theories of persuasion can be searched from Aristotles Rhetoric in Ancient Greeks. Hugh amount of scholars had devoted decades of academic life in experiments of persuasion with defined models and theories in social psychology field scientifically in the recent century. Numerous schools of thoughts with scientific studies have contributed to the understanding of persuasion in term of psychological processes and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM; Petty Cacioppo, 1986) of persuasion is the selected topic for review and discussion. The effectiveness of the selected TAC advertisement is being evaluated and analysed with the underlying principles and variables of EML. A lot of researchers have conducted experiments regarding attitude change were based on t he Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM; Petty Cacioppo, 1986), because this multi-process theory of persuasion has fully stated the reaction and related affection of the subject by different variables adequately (Petty et al., 2001). This essay is reviewing the effectiveness of the selected TAC advertisement in changing target audiences attitude in road safety aspects. The â€Å"partys over† TAC advertisement has been selected for evaluation and analysis. Several well respected social psychological models would be discussed and applied for explaining the effectiveness of the TAC advertisement with research evidence, models and theories supported the findings of the effectiveness of the TAC advertisement. In persuading adult male and young female audience, the evaluation and analysis would be conducted for the 60-sec TAC advertisement with the EML and research evidence to support the deployment of media message through the applied source, message and audience factors as well as casting of actor and actress and experts message at the end. Starting from mid of 1990’s, TV has been selected as the major advertising channel by proper authorities of Australia and New Zealand to reduce the happening of traffic accidents (Donovan, Jalleh, Henly, 1999; Tay, 2001). Negative affection of driving attitude, such as fatal and serious damage, has played the major role to strive for the change of drivers’ behaviours and attitude in New Zealand (Tay, 2001, 2005). In most of the countries, especially Australia and New Zealand, negative affection and unpleased outcome were applied to promote road safety. Due to the negative affection was the main theme to promote road safety frequently, people had the feeling and perception that the negative affection was the effective mean for improving road safety. As the advertising with positive encouragement to promote the right driving attitude was not usually applied, people had perceived that the effectiveness of positive encouragement was less than negative affection messages (Lewis, Watson, White, Tay, 2007). The selected TAC advertisement aimed to change the attitude of automobile drivers of target segment about the consequences of violation of road safety regulations in Australia. This essay evaluated the variable factors of TAC advertisement for promoting road safety through TV advertisements to the high accident rate segment with the research evidence to support the agreement that the TAC advertisement is effective in persuading adult male and young female audience to change their attitudes to the road safety issue. This essay stated that psychological research evidence suggests that the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM; Petty Cacioppo, 1986) is useful for explaining the effectiveness of â€Å"The partys over† TAC advertisement in persuading viewers of adult male and young female to alternate their attitudes regarding road safety aspect. Hogg and Vaughan (2014) defined that attitude is an end deliverable of syndication of belief, rational reaction, emotion, attitude and behaviour with respect to society’s major incidents, matters, groups or symbols. Also, attitude is a common thinking or response or perception regarding other human being(s), matter or incident either good or bad. Hogg and Vauhan (2014) stated that attitude change is a major alteration of human being’s attitude, also, the persuasion process take into account of communicator, medium and audience as the essential elements. Attitude change can evolve and make person to do something different from current attitude and practice, also, persuasive communication is an influential message with the purpose to alternate the target subject’s associated attitude and behaviour (Hogg Vaughn, 2014). Hogg Vaughn (2014) stated that there are 3 general variables involved in persuasion communications that can lead to attitude change those are source, message and audience factors. In source factors, expertise, popularity and attractiveness and speed rate are the key source factors. In message factors, perceived manipulation, linguistic power and fear are the key messages factors. In audience factors, self- esteem, distraction, age and when the argument in a message is of high quality. Brinol Petty (2008) stated that successful persuasion is induced by recording the actual alternation of the target subject’s attitude to the expected direction. Regarding variable, it refers to any characteristic of the source, message, target subject or communication mean that can be different in a provided persuasion environment (Brinol, P. Petty, R. E. (2008). Persuasion variables can change in volume of information processing and influence thinking or influence subject’s confidence regarding those thinking as well as act as disputes or proof or alternate attitudes by providing obvious hints and catechist, also, any provided variable, either portion of the source, information, subject or factor, is able to provide in these roles (Brinol, P. Petty, R. E. (2008). Regarding the video of TAC advertisement is the effective communications mean for delivering the simple message of road safety issues, target segment gets no way to escape from violation of the traffic regulation in Australia. Chaiken and Eagley’s (1983) compared the degree of effectiveness of showing messages through the communication means of video, sound as well as written article forms. This has obvious implications for advertising. Which has more impact on consumer: television, radio or printed media? It depends. If the message is simple, as much advertising is, the probable answer is: > video> audio > written. The moderating variable in this context is the relative ease or difficulty of comprehension required of the audience. If the points of a message require considerable processing by the target, a written medium is likely to be best. Readers have the chance to go back at will, mull over what is being said and then read on. If the material is quite complex, then newspa pers and magazines can come into their own. However, there is an interesting interaction with the difficulty of the message. When the message was facile to interpret by target subject, Chaiken and Eagley (1983) found that a videotaped presentation brought about most opinion alternation. When the message was hard to interpret, presenting the subject matter in writing form would be more effective than video or audio forms. The TAC advertisement projects medium degree of fear to target segment, it takes the audience to process the message through their central route with conscious thinking in persuading them to change their attitudes to punishment of toll, fine and suspension of driving license. EML is practical for explaining the effectiveness of the message and the production elements of the TAC advertisement . According to Keller and Block (1995) and in line with dual-process models of information processing when fear is at a very low level an audience may be less motivated to attend to the message because the message does not sell out sufficiently the harmful consequences of an act. As fear builds up and stimulates interest and it draws the subject’s attention to what is happening. However, a very frightening presentation of an idea may arouse so much anxiety even a state of panic, that we become distracted, miss some of the factual content of the message and are unable to process the informa tion properly or know what to do (Hogg Vaughan, 2014). In the TAC advertisement, Australian male adult and young female were chosen as the actor and actress due to the audience factor, audience of the similar kinds with similar attitude and act would project themselves into the role of TAC advertisement easily. Assistant Commissioner of the Traffic Policing provided statement to clearly state the Australia regulations for road safety and the regulations were being reinforced by the Police Force in Australia. Expertise was deployed to strengthen the persuasion for road safety by complying the regulations in Australia. EML is practical for explaining the effectiveness of the message and the production elements of the TAC advertisement. The communicator variable affects the acceptability of persuasive messages. Other source attributes engage a portion in whether the subject will take or not accept (Hogg Vaughan, 2014). Expertise, trustworthiness and status are the key source factors that have positive impact on persuasion. When a high credibility source is deployed as one of the variable for message delivery, a credible communicator becomes very effective in inducing to attitude change. The ELM states that attitude change via persuasion happens through either central processing route or peripheral route (Petty Cacioppo, 1986). Which type of the processing route to be run through would be based on the characteristic of message content, also the subject’s influential reaction and response to the message content would make the determination of the route selection (Petty Cacioppo, 1986; Petty Wegener, 1999). When the subject is stimulated by the message content at the high level, the central processing route would be applied, but when the subject is stimulated by the message content at the low level, the peripheral processing route would be the way to go (Petty Cacioppo, 1984). Also, central processing generates attitudes that are much more long lasting than peripheral processing (Petty Cacioppo, 1986; Petty, Haugtvedt, Smith, 1995). Gariffin (2006) described the differences between HSM and ELM, ELM states that there are central route and peripheral route for message and information processing, both routes are related to the principles for explaining attitude change. When the subject is willing to think through the message, the message is processed by the central route and on the other hand, when the subject does not think through the message thoroughly and take the easy way out in response to the message according to the simple hints. The route processing for persuasion are based on the level of thinking processing involved in evaluating the message, when it is at the highest degree of thinking process, central route processing is deployed. So, if the subject takes the lower degree of thinking process for the message content, peripheral route processing is deployed, especially for those messages with less degree of importance from the subject perspective (Griffin, 2006). In Australia, car accidents due to bad driving habits are the major contributor of road safety issues. Male adult and young female are the target segment, which contributes to the major portion of traffic accidents due to the affection of alcohol, drug and speeding. Punishment of toll, fine and suspension of driving license as fear factor was deployed for TAC advertisement, the TAC Advertisement delivered a medium degree of fear to target segment, it tracked the audience to process the message through their central route with conscious thinking in persuading them to change their attitudes. Mr. Bob Hill, Assistant Commissioner of Road Policing, represented the high variable credibility for strengthening the persuasion to comply with the road safety regulations in Australia. â€Å"The Partys Over† TAC advertisement presented the theme regarding the party and deployed sound and video message for persuading drivers to change their attitudes to road safety. Police force is well-equ ipped with advanced equipment. Straws as the breathalysers, which are the alcohol level testing equipment, lollipops as the drug testing kits, music background with party imagery, and those variables deliver the message to target subject that this is the unpleasant and displeased â€Å"Party† that Australian wants. Psychological research evidence suggests that ELM is useful for explaining the effectiveness of the TAC advertisement in persuading adult male and young female audience to change their attitudes to the road safety issue. References Andrews, J. R. Shimp, T. A. (2000) Effects of involvement, argument strength, and source characteristics on central and peripheral processing of advertising. Psychology Marketing, 7(3), 195-214. Cauberghe, V., Pelsmacker, P. D., Janssens, W. Dens, N (2009). Fear, threat and efficacy in threat appeals: Message involvement as a key mediator to message acceptance. Accident Analysis Prevention, 41(2), 276-285. Dotson, M. Hyatt, E. M. (2000). Religious Symbols as Peripheral Cues in Advertising: A Replication of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Journal of Business Research. 48 (1), 63-68. Lewis, I, Wasti, K. M. (2008) An examination of message-relevant affect in road safety messages: Should road safety advertisements aim to make us feel good or bad? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(6), 403-417. Petty, R. E. Brinol, P (2008). Psychological Processes Underlying Persuasion: A Social Psychological Approach. Diogenes, 55(1), 52-67. doi:10. 1177/0392107087917 Petty, R. E. , Heesacker, M. Hughes, J. N (1997). The elaboration likelihood model: Implications for the practice of school psychology. Journal of School Psychology. 35 (2), 107-136. Phillips, R. O., Ulleberg, P Vaa, T (2011). Meta-analysis of the effect of road safety campaigns on accidents. Accident Analysis Prevention, 43(3), 1204-1218. Scholten, M (1996). Lost and found: The information-processing model of advertising effectiveness. Journal of Business Research. 37 (2), 97-104. Sibley, C. G. Harre, N. (2009). The impact of different styles of traffic safety advertisement on young drivers’ explicit and implicit self-enhancement biases. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 12(2), 159-167. The Party’s over (2012, November 21). Retrieved from Transport Accident Commission of Victoria in Australia web site: http://www. tac. vic. gov. au/road-safety/tac-campaigns/tac-latest-campaigns#thepartysover Vaughan, G. M. Hogg, M. A. (2014) Social Psychology (7th. Ed. ), Frenchs Forest :Prentice-Hall Whitlock, F. A. (1969). Traffic accidents and the psychiatrist. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 3(3), 116-118. Appendix

Rock and Roll in the Early Fifties Essay -- Music Art Musicians Rock a

Rock and Roll in the Early Fifties Hail, hail rock ‘n’ roll, Deliver me from the days of old. Long live rock ‘n’ roll The beat of the drum is loud and bold, Rock, rock, rock ‘n’ roll, The spirit is there body and soul.† - Chuck Berry (Hibbard and Kaleialoha, 19) An African- American euphemism for making love, rock and roll spurred from all genres of music, but mainly that of folk, country, jazz, pop and rhythm & blues (Yorke, 11). It is a type of music that generally involves heavy pounding of the piano, a loud drum beat, saxophone backgrounds and boisterous shouting by the singer. It was a new blend of music emerging from 1948- 1951 as a result of a generation’s need to express their own identity. Originally, rock and roll was performed by black artists because it was a result of the incorporation of a more upbeat background to rhythm & blues. Examples of such artists would be Little Richard and Chuck Berry; both were coined â€Å"the fathers of rock and roll† even though they started out as rhythm & blues artists (Szatmary, 16). In context of â€Å"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,† the characters most likely to support rock and roll are Maggie, and Mae’s children. This new upbeat, new- age, gibberish was a sy mbol of independence, escapism, and rebellion for youths of the early1950’s (Brown, 4). Although its initial peak of success occurred in 1956, rock and roll had been developing since 1951. The introduction of the 45 rpm disc, transistor radio, and television; and finally, its lively, upbeat sound all contributed to the success of rock and roll(Peterson, 102- 104). The â€Å"baby boomer† generation after the Second World War, was a major influence on the success of rock and roll. Unlike their parents, this g... ... Roll. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc., 1996. This book provides a very detailed outline on how and where rock and roll originated. It places much emphasis on the transition from Black to White rock artists and how society reacted to this change. Szatmary also presents sufficient information on the many aspects of rock and roll, ranging from what the lyrics are about, to the beginnings of rock and roll and new age rock. - Yorke, Ritchie, Rock- The History of Rock’n’Roll. New York: Methuen/ Two Continents Publications, 1976. In Rock- The History of Rock ‘n’ Roll, Yorke provides a chronological approach to rock and roll from 1877- 1974. Although it is not extremely detailed, a general overview of each year’s music is presented. Throughout the book, many descriptive summaries of individual artists may be found along with classic pictures.

History of nonprofit organizations Essay

The history of the nonprofit organizations in the US is dated back to the mid of 19th century. They came as important tools to look after the effects of the slavery activity. Generally, a non-profit organization is an organization with a legal constitution whose creation is by private people/persons or elsewhere organizations without any fundamental representation within the government activity. At the epochs of globalization effect in early 20th century, the subject matter of nonprofit organization became yet a more featured activity. This was at the realization that the central government could not serve to solve most of the people’s problems. Even the existing national and international organizations had their roots to serve the interest of capitalists more than the general human population. To strike a counterbalance to this irrationality, development of these organizations was biased in fostering development, providing humanitarian support and aiding in development sustainability. Their development came inform of various types with interest in different areas of humanity. Depending on the purpose and role to serve and play in the society, development of these organizations is fundamentally made to provide an environment for support into different spheres of humanity. At one view, they engage in designing and implementing projects which are related on development. This provides the conventional understanding of them in providing development support to the community. Their classification within US is in terms of development oriented, international, community based or even national organizations. Their purposes are different and mainly depend on the kind of service they provide to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonprofit organizations in the US can as a refuge to the long suffering of human beings at different levels. They came to bridge the gap of inefficiency which was provided by the political and governmental structures within the US governance system. Their basic aim is to provide various conditions which are solemn to providing various support structure to improve the human population. Their method of activity is also diverse coming in form of lobby groups, initiative programs above community-based activities for service to the people. The basic rule with all non-profit organization in US and the general world is that they are strictly not made to make profit benefits in their foundations. They should service the interest of the community in line with their activity to ensure high standards of service output. The nonprofit and non-benefit nature of these organizations is provided by the legal structure of the Federal Legal system which recognizes their presence and roles before instituting various legal parameters. At the individual/internal capacity, they are guided by various legal autonomies within  Ã‚   constitutional framework that embody their activity. They are free from the authorities of international laws. (Hall, 22)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, their role and purpose is diverse and depends on the basic purpose for their formation. However, the basic purpose is to provide service to humanity by confronting various issues that affect the human population. Either, their development is only made to serve the interest of a specific population of the people in which they are instituted. In the US, nonprofit organizations come in a huge number making more than 600, 000. In regard to their functional outlay, they are instituted for environmental conservation, human rights encouragement and observance, taking care and improving the inequalities within the disadvantaged societal population, or even having an agenda on corporate representation to the society. They rise as corporations to provide refuge to the human population by acting on provision of the basic inequalities allied to the society. They aim at providing structures that provide support in the well-being of the society. It seeks to provide autonomy in the observation of well-founded societal image before driving the society to attainment of its mission. Key guiding principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the diversity of culture and operations by these organizations, some principles help as guide for their activity. At one point, the principles provide rationality in the support of equality in the basic corporate governances which help to ensure observation of the conventional purpose allied to their formation. Firstly, all non profit organizations are to be guided by the principle of optimal costing. This is in the realization of their nonprofit nature which provides support for the most adequate costing system. Costing is observable in the budgeting systems which help to provide a support for the best cost parameter.   Budgeting involve the control of funds to ensure the most adequate use of their financial authorities. Costing principle is guided by their non-profit/benefit nature which prevents any financial advantage in terms of profit or benefits to any party. The Federal Law recognizes the importance of costing principle in these organizations before instituting various laws and regulations to guide them in their support for the most optimal interest to the community in service.   This principle is fundamentally obliged in internalizing the cost parameters in the organizations financial outlay in terms of their grants, cost of contracts, financial utilization and allocation and any other fundamental activity allied to the costing system. The aim of the principle is to provide a concrete share of the cost liberation by federal government in the administration process of the non-profit organizations within its framework. Either, the principles help to define in the standards of approach and use in providing structures for adequacy in the financial management and quotations of their costs in activities and processes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Either, all non-governmental organizations are to be guided by adequate public relations standards. With their role and activity outlay within the society, these organizations should always provide structures for standard relationships with the general public population. This is a basic factor if their role of meeting the societal goals is not to be compromised. Public relations are the basic tools with which various organizations such as charity organizations and foundations use to capture the relative interest of the general public. Through sophistication in the public relations activities, many organizations are able to raise their funds. They use various lobbying techniques to seek financing from the government and other statutory sources. Either, high public relations to interest groups help to provide importance of benefits with their fundamental influences to the social systems and political standards. Either, their public relations support helps to campaign adequately among the human population to achieve their basic missions and goals. (Dimagio, Anheir, 152)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the diversity in the activities and mission statement, all non-profit organizations are provided with support by high standards of monitoring process and control of activities. Controlling and monitoring is a basic principle which helps to ensure a coordinated approach in all their activities. All activities and processes are controlled and monitored in order to ensure a support of the basic activity and fulfillment of their service to the general public. This principle provides an oversight into the basic fundamentals that help to ensure a logical collaboration between the various structures of the organization. At one point, controlling and also monitoring seeks to provide accountability for the character and effect of the process and activities. It seems to provide a sanction of coordinated approach with which activities are done according to their optimal requirement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non profit organization are free from jurisdiction and control by the federal government unless of very explicit legal controls. As a basic and conventional principle, these organizations are supposed to be out of the federal legal system. The guiding force and regulations should be based on the specific standards and requirements of specific organization. This is by conventional due to the role played by the organizations as a bridge towards the rigidities found in the federal legal system. Either, they should not be allied to the international legal process. The principle of free government control should therefore prevail. Otherwise, any interaction and control by he federal government would betray their mission since majority are founded as lobby groups to act against the federal system legal inequalities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an ethical parameter, the funding process and activities should fundamentally be authentic. This should seek to provide an atmosphere for the most adequate income flow. The funding principle is a subject of the costing principle with which the size and scale of funding is to be determined and evaluated in a conventional costing system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Democracy should always prevail in all activities of these organizations. There foundations are aimed at providing support for the general interest of the public population. They are interest groups which serve stop the basic loopholes and rigidities of the federal legal system. Democracy helps to provide equity and equality in service provision to the public. It seeks to ensure that the interest of the public is seldom at par with the good of the society. This is a preferential requirement which gives the community an optimal opportunity of enjoying basic interest in the community development process. They should invite for free contribution, comment and exercise of the members allied to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Either, the performance of their work should be at peaceful and harmonious grounds where no external harassment, intimidation, reprisal and discrimination is to support their basic activities. This helps to formulate standards of activity where they are to act and perform at their most discretional and willing capacity without any external effect. Either, there should be no external influence by the federal governmental which is to provide support for the well being of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elsewhere, they should be provided with conditions for seeking, managing, receiving and administering their activities in the support of international, domestic and foreign activities and entities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equally, individual joining, formations and participation in such organizations should be at the discretion guided by their freedom and rights of expressions, associations and peaceful assembly. This helps to provide standards with which the governmental regulations are not to shape the interest and nature of the organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the principles are to provide support for the authenticity and the well being of the society, the governments of democratic countries are to act adequately in the effect of the strong withstanding of these organizations from the inadequate influence of the national systems. The violations of their basic principles should therefore call for a close action by the national government in their effective defense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of ethics is fundamentally critical in analyzing the management system of the non profit organizations. The Alliance for Nonprofit Management Standards (ANMS) is the movement allied to setting and establishing ethical standards for use and applications by the organizations. Ethical management is closely allied and synonymous to adequate management. Ethical management is a subject of nonprofit organizations leadership which help to ensure a conduct within the gross corporate requirement. It’s a basic support that provides harmony in the institutional framework of these organizations. They help to provide a peaceful coordination in implicit formality to ensure ways and means to safeguard the interests of the stakeholders. At one edge, it helps to provide responsibility and either set the respective ideals in the professional outlay of the organization. On the extreme end, unethical management is what violates the basic principles of nonprofit organizations. Its operations are to provide for a continued inequality in the role they play in the society. Such unethical management is a way of administration and organizational leadership which provokes the legal authenticity of the nonprofit mission statement. Generally, every ethical management is to provide solid protection for the organizations clientele and professional system. Either, such management does not compromise structure for acceptance into adequate system of administration and also the will of guidance to the people. It does not compromise on improving the consistency and also the quality of the life of the individual human population with which it provides service to. Ethical management provides a standard collaboration in the activities of the organizations. Every ethical management is aimed at rationalizing the quality, support and formulating high integrity for capacity building within the organization’s activities. Due to the fragility and the developing nature of the capacity building within these organizations, every epoch of the legitimate leadership standards to provide support for the mission statement of these organizations. Ethical behaviors in the leadership autonomy, helps to provide effectiveness and promotion of capacity building in the functional outlay of these organizations. Ethical management equals ethical standards which ensure a support for standardized capacity building.   Ethical managing is a tool for promoting a better clientele service and activity within the organizational framework. It is an approach which seeks to ensure control of the interest conflict within the organizational function. (Waden, 715)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, unethical management is subject to providing inadequacy in the standards of the organizations activity. This is the leadership activity which destabilizes the functional capacity of the organization. It is a leadership activity (management appraisal) which brings conflict to the organization. Elsewhere, unethical management does not focus on maintaining the basic principle allied to nonprofit organizations. This is the management system which down looks major rules and processes within the organizations which ensure a collaborated approach in service delivery and promotion of efficiency in the organization’s activities. Legal framework   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally, non-profit organizations have a lot to do with its legal status. At one level, many states have well provided laws which govern the activity of the organizations. Either, these laws help to regulate the management system and formulate the various requirements for their establishment. The nature of these laws is to provide standards of support for management process which does not overlook the systems of corporate governance. Above the state laws, their internal systems is driven and monitored by authorities which provide support for basic organizational coordination. Above the many legal requirements, these organizations should provide well detailed support of their financial activities. This should have a clear picture in the level of expenditure and also income flow within their transactions. The legal system requires them to have a full support for the governance and management system by providing a layout of their organizational management staff. The legal structure under the federal system also provides the level of structural formulation. It pronounces the legal terms with which these organizations are made to follow in the pursuit of their administration from the legal status portfolio as the tax exemption clause. This provides that the organizations are to enjoy income tax free activities. Tax exemption in US is through Internal Revenue Service (IRS). However, this exemption is only enjoyed by organizations which meet specific statutory requirements which includes, limited spending, safeguard for charity interest in its internal affairs above specifity in its purpose. Tax exemption is required a full commission to the requirement of the nonprofit organization’s activities. (Walden, 719) Deviations from this standard requirement will lead to the withdrawal of the tax exemption requirement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the Federal Law has a weak force in providing for charity and non-governmental operations. It fails to substantially provide the basic requirements for what should be done by the organizations. However, lack of strong legal concern does not mean that the state government should run these organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the basic legal authority of the non profit organizations is bound to be self regulatory without operational influence of both the state and the international laws. The organizations are made to provide their own management system which should not go by the standard of approach and regulation by the state law. However, private control by these organizations is the foremost influence of inadequacies in the fundamental activities. Due to their solidary private control and governance, these organizations will at many a time endure inefficiencies in the administrative prospects. Their private nature is the basic initiative for mismanagement and rebel over many interests at the expense of the federal system laws and regulations. (Til, 54) Governance and board development strategies. With the fragility allied to the activities of the non-profit organizations, governance and board development posits an important factor. Consideration for the most optimal governance and development within such organization should not be compromised. However, essential of board development should provide strategies which helps to ensure the most adequate board system. Firstly, the choice in strategy should not overlook the role of the board. However, the achievement of the goals and missions of the organization should be promoted. This helps to ensure high standards of achieving the standards of the organization. Either, adequate support by the board helps to facilitate a comprehensive support for the roles of the organization. However, supported training to board members should seek to ensure the most adequate governance structure within the organizations. (Axelrod, 142)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonprofit organizations come as fundamental bodies that seek to refuge the problems allied to the current regime where such organizations have risen falsely with even non-functional activity and performances. The board should therefore reclaim the specific roles they are made to play within the organizations. This is to ensure a richly state of practices. Either, the board has a sublime role to play in the governance of the organization. Unless the society is provided with clarity of the authenticity in the activities within the organization, various stakeholders may not have the will to participate fully in the organization’s activities. The board is allied to a functional capacity which helps to provide strength of the weaknesses born in the institutional and also management capacities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The boards’ development should therefore provide various strategies which help to give a comparative impression for adequate activities within the organization. This should seek to give directions on strategies and goals for facilitating control on organizational issues. Every governance structure will therefore help to provide a strong coordination of the internal outlay of the organization. The rules of many boards reduce shortly after the registration of the organization where such boards disintegrate out. There functional layout is mostly seen at the growth stage and emergent stage of these organizations. However, they normally posses unclear or even poor definition in the goals of the organization. There is lack of understanding of the governance requirements. The next aspect is the modality of conflict among them and the organizations management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, every strategy in board development should perpetuate a board which ensures effective board’s activity. Adequacy in such board should not compromise training of the board members. Training is therefore an important strategy which should be used to overcome the inequality born by the weak board systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The board development process helps to ensure a board which helps to coordinate adequately the activity of the organization. For adequacy in the leadership and governance styles within the organization, the board provides an authentic support for the organizational activity. The development process of the organization’s board should use various developmental initiates as strategies with which it will be able to adjust its board development process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Either, the mission of the organization should be a basic fundamental aspect when defining the nature of the board development. The organizations mission should be the basic tool which helps to shape the nature of the board. Through the mission statement, the characters and the nature of the board will thus be shaped. Elsewhere, the organization program should a basic guiding strategy towards a better coordinated approach for the governance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A coherent plan of its strategies should guide the organization in developing its board. Since organizational strategies vary with its mission and activity, the package of strategies should seldom be the guiding factor towards the nature of its board.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Governance structure system of the organization plays an important role in defining the nature of activities it plays within the community. Sound governance is very important in defining the scale of attainment of the mission statement. Either, the governance system borrows its authority from the management and the board outlay. Adequacy in the governance plays a predominant role in defining the level with which the organization is able to achieve its goals. Either, the structure of the board defines the standards with which the governance of the organization is to be. (Silk, 76)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By their nature, non profit organizations are formed on private grounds to overseer the interest of the people. Every good relationship between such organizations and the community /public should fundamentally be provided for. Generally, the relationship between these organizations and the community is ideally rationally close. It seeks to create an incentive of participation between the community and such organizations. Elsewhere, lack of adequate relationship between the two would definitely mean standards of high activity and a reasonable state of coordination and surveillance for the community. The interest of the organizations is in the provision of service to the general public. Adequate attempt of coordination between them and the community should be provided as the best initiative which provides grounds for service to the human population. Financial and human resource management A package of basic principles in the financial management, human resource management and fund development act as the guiding rule for these organizations. Financial management is an approach of administration in which the financial inflow and outflow is monitored considerably .This is to ensure that the financial transactions are at the most optimal discretion to provide support for the community. Either, this is aimed at providing the closest relationship between the community and the organization . However, the basic principle is the optimal costing principle which is applied to provide the most adequate system of financial use in the financial system .Optimal costing implies that the financial inflow and outflows is at the greatest capacity to provide support for the use of the finances. Generally poor financial use has been the benchmark in lack of trust to many of the organizations by the community, government and private financiers .Therefore every optimal costing should seek to serve the interest of the stakeholders in the organization. Either, like any other organization, these organizations should provide financial management systems which ensure the right perception by both the internal and external environments. Accountability provides a support for financial management .The internal financial position, standards and figures are used by the internal management to make decisions about the organization .Through adequate disclosures of the financial documents, and the management is able to make the relevant decisions (Linnel, Radoserich, Spack, 48) Generally, these organizations are to maintain their financial accounting in the principle provided by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Such provide that financial accounting follow the international standards in support of the financial documents Either all non profit organizations ought to have a system of internal control. This is to ensure that the financial transactions abide by the conventional system of management Elsewhere non profit organizations are supposed to have full provision of reports to the finance management and to be provided to the relevant stakeholders such as financiers. Adequate financial reports are important to every activity of management within the organizations Generally the management should use systems of adequate control on their budgets which ensures adequate control in their budgetary system .Budgeting is very important for every activity allied to the organizations. Financial management also provide a requirement in which the governance structure has clarity in its role play to the organization,s financial management . Adequacy in the role play by individual members provides accountability support for it’s   individual persons. Elsewhere, financial management seeks to provide the basic requirements which may be required by the different donors in the use and the allocation process of the funds .Above all, financial records are to be submitted to any stakeholder in use and control of the organization if need be for effective management. Due to the importance attached to the human capital in these organizations various principles are applied to provide a support for the most functional human capital. Many of the organizations are involved in the provision of service to the human population. To many organizations, the human workforce is large with professionalism and competence provided for all. Therefore, the organizations should not look down to the nature in which the human capital support can be provided to the service output. However, depending on the organization, various principles embody there activities. (Hall, 26) Firstly training and human force development is never compromised. This is in the realization of role played by every upright and experienced work force. They ensure various training programs for their workforce. Within the scope of the workforce management, aspect of planning and design of work for them is highly vigilant. Proper planning and design of work is important in every attempt to reduce conflict between them. Planning is made according to some preferential attributes. Time and again, the organizations provide an adequate support in the employee recruitment process and the selection for new staff. This is via the use of modalities of high competence and management. In all the activities, the rights of employees are never overlooked. This is a principle which applies to all employees of these organizations. It ensures providing support for the workers in enjoying and exercising their contribution to the organization. This is an attempt to provide support for ensuring that workers are not exploited of their resource capital. (Jeavons, 218) Workers exploitation is the main cause of conflict at the working environment. Also, the principle of performance management holds true in these organizations. Performance management involves monitoring of the role played by the workers through surveys and study activities. Performance management provides support for adequacy and optimal performance by these workers to ensure the most optimal output by the workers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fund development is an important tool in the non profit organizations. Such organizations are allied to formulating various fund development strategies. Fund development implies the system of approach in creating funds and using supporting tools for creating their donation. This helps to provide support for fund raising and using methods to attract funds from the donors and finances. Fund development uses the tool of public relations to create fundamental environment with which such financiers can be motivated to run the organization. Fund development is a management attribute which seeks to investigate the financial support system so that adequacy in the organizations funds can be ensured. Since this is a management process, it uses basic tools and approaches which provide support for the highest funding. Fund development will help to provide the organization with a relieved workload and hence avoid not meeting financing deadlines. This is an important aspect in the management structure since it is the driving force of the organization towards its goals achievement is the level of funds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial and human resource management, and also fund development are closely interrelated. Firstly, these are system of management and governance of the organization which provide the most adequate corporation in the organizational structure to provide an authentic goal and mission achievement. The success of each implies and promotes the success of the other. At one level, good fund development is allied to financial management where the tools of financial management are used to adequately apportion and budget for the collected funds. Either, all the activities that include financial management and fund development are provided by an adequate structure of human resource. This provides a support for the adequacy into the activities of the organization. Human resource package is fundamental in defining the nature of performance of all the organizations activities. Emerging practice in non profit organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the non profit organizations’ activities have had a diverse state of practices that are emerging out from the conventional outlay of the organizations in the US and the world in general. These practices have been key pillars in providing a support for the most authentic system of support for the future of the organizations. The sector is perhaps having a brighter future when its activities and processes are under a good system of practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firstly, policy and framework on the legal parameter guiding the organizations have been developed on fountain grounds. Adequacy in the legal policies is a fundamental subject in providing adequate support for their performance. Policies ensure a coordinated approach in the standards of the organization legal framework which ensures that conflict is reduced between the organizations activities in terms of its structures and stakeholders. Through a support for strong legal modalities that act as pillars of the organization, the management process of the organizations is highly strengthened with little or no conflict in their governance process. Strong legal framework has ensured that the organizations act within the basic legal requirements that promote the best relation with the community. Either, adequate structures above programs as well as services ensure a coordinated link between the organization. Every organization is accompanied by a structure of specific programs, and structure which help to ensure a strong personal activity.   Adequate programs and high maintained and supported structural authenticity has ensured a continued high activity and dominance of the organizations in the society. Program system is the nature of the activity support for the organization. Strong program and services outlay provide a support for a continued rationality of organizations within the society. (Til, 53) Generally, the organizations act within the human capacity.   This is synonymous to capacity-building by the human populations.   Human capacity has been a basic tool for leading to changes in the social structures and hence provides conditions for the most adequate human life potential in the global portfolio. Their nature is in service to humanity. Within the changing nature of the social structures, capacity building remains an important aspect in rationalizing the societal activities. Providing adequate outcomes in their performance and the measures in their activity is also an emerging practice. There has been an increased activity in the analysis of their activities.   Performance outcome seeks to study the scale with which the activities described to the organizations provide the most adequate and profitable benefits. Summarily therefore, the aspects of nonprofit organizations is fundamentally critical and capturing an enormous scale of activities within its jurisdiction.   They does a lot in support the human population.   Their adequacy depends on the manner with which management is done in due course. Work cited Axelrod, Nancy R. (2005). Board leadership and development. In. R.D. Herman, Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, pp. 142, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publications. Dimaggio, Paul J. and Anheier, Helmut K. (1990). The sociology of nonprofit organizations and sectors. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 6, pp152. Hall, P. H (2005). Historical perspectives on nonprofit organizations in the United States, In. R.D. Herman, Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, pp. 22, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publications. Jeavons, T. H. (2005). Ethical Nonprofit Management. In R.D. Herman, Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, pp. 218. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publications. Linnell, D, Radosevich, Z, Spack, J, ( 2001). Executive Director’s Guide: A Guide for successful Nonprofit Management. Pp.48. Boston: United Way of Massachusetts Bay. Silk, T. (2005). The legal framework of the nonprofit sector in the United States. In. R.D. Herman, Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, pp.76, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publications. Til, V. (2005). Nonprofit Organizations and Social Institutions, In. R.D. Herman, Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management, pp.53, San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publications. Walden, G. (2007). Who’s watching us now? The nonprofit sector and the new government by surveillance. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 35, 719