The Problems of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Problems of Cloning Since March 1997, the birth of a cloned sheep, named Dolly, has caused a great sensation around the world. Though it was not the first beat that the experiment using re-create succeeded, the reason why Dolly concussioned the world was that she was the first clone from a cell of an adult mammal, something previously panorama to be impossible. This meant that the possibility of cloning human beings was ontogenesisd. For fear of realizing human cloning, a lot of countries have taken necessary measures to regulate the study of it. Some people, much(prenominal) as scientists in this field and certain infertile couples, are now arguing against banning it. But I think we should ban human cloning because it has a possibility to reduce the value of our life, to take away individuality in our society, and to destroy the moral and social systems human have long cultivated. Richard Seed, a physicist who supports human cloning, said in a radio interview that he wou ld open a clinic of human cloning for infertile people and chafe a big profit (Hotwired Japan). If human cloning is go outed, there would be so umteen people such as Seed, who use cloning technology to make money. The business operating the technology looks so profitable because according to a report, there could be 100,000 or so women in the U.S. who would like a exchangeable chance to use cloning to have their own babies (Watson). Probably, they do not care how much money they pay to have their own blood-related babies. To allow human cloning creates a world where we could get life with money. Buying life reduce the value of it because we cannot respect things which we can get easily. It could lead to the increase of murder. And it would be possible that someday at a department store we can buy life that is labeled, ON SALE There are many people in the world who do anything for the sake of money. As a result, cloning technology is in danger of being abused. First, I think I sh ould explain how to clone humans. In the simplest language, cloning is the process in which the DNA from some cell of a body is put by electrical shock into a female egg cell whose DNA has been removed. Then the egg cell is implanted into a womb, and after that it grows as same as a natural baby does.

Free Essays on A Dolls House: Manipulation :: A Dolls House Essays

Manipulation in A Doll House The mark of a mature person is the ability to make wise decisions for oneself. Complicated choices are what make maturity so hard. Sometimes, even good intentions shag lead to a bad decision. In Henrik Ibsens A Doll House, decision-making is muzzy by the manipulation caused by certain characters. Blackmail, trickery, and tyranny, each a form of manipulation are all used to make seemingly positive decisions by the characters. These decisions lead to complicated situations for these characters where nothing is gained. Manipulation is a form of manipulate over another person without either their consent or knowledge. Examining Torvald, Krogstad, and Nora, one can see that manipulation of others leads to irrational decisions for them. Torvald is the typical husband of the time of the play. He tries to control his wife and expect her to submit to him. He manipulates her through many diametric ways. First, he calls her pet names such as little lark (3) a nd squirrel (4) and speaks to her in a condescending tone, as if she is a child. He then tries to control her habits so he will not let her eat sweets or spend too much money. In fact, all the money she gets comes from him. He demands that she is subordinate and treats her as almost a dog later on in the play. At the end, when Noras secret is out, he lashes out at her and kicks her out of the house. When he wants her rearward after he realizes that he will no longer get into trouble for what she did, she does not want to come back, he finally realizes that she does not discern him anymore and that his manipulation of her is over. This leaves him in a pickle because he now has to take care of his children without Nora, hardly a good position for him. Krogstad is different from Torvald because he is not as well off economically and socially and this leads him to try an extremer form of manipulation. Krogstad is desperate to harbor his job at the bank and tries to get Nora to re pair the job with her husband through blackmail. Since he was once found to be forging documents, his reputation has been flaky, so in order to regain his reputation for his sons For their interestingness I must win back as much respect as I can in the town (22), he needs to keep his job at the bank.

Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reactionBackground InformationChemical reactions abbreviate place all the fourth dimension at many different rates,some be incredibly fast like an explosion-where you get no time to go steady whats happening or like rusting which could take up years before theiron is completely rusted.The rate of reaction is extremely important because you need to realizehow long before the end of the session or you may not get results intime. In living organisms its vital that all the chemical reactionstake place at the rates which supply the cells with the things theyneed exactly when they need them.Reaction rates are also important in the chemical persistence as in anyindustrial process the ultimate purpose is to make money by producinguseful products. In the chemical industry this core its important tomake as a lot of the desired product as cheaply as possible which meansthat the rate of reaction must be fast enough to make as much o f theproduct as quickly as possible without risking overheating orexplosions and without costing too much How money hungry are we eh?Successful chemistry, whether microscopic or at a chemical plant,depends on controlling the rate of the ongoing reactions. In ordinance tounderstand what affects the rate of chemical reactions and how we cancontrol them we need to measure the rate of the reaction. The two waysto do this are measuring how quickly the reactants are used up or wecan observe how quickly products are formed. Once we have ameasurement for the reaction under one cook of conditions, we canchange them and make comparisons of the changing reaction rate underdifferent conditions.There are 3 ways to measure the rate of reaction. We can measure achange in mass, if the reaction involves a gas being given off. Themass disappearing can easily be metrical and recorded over a period oftime. Another way to see is by measuring the rate of precipitation.When an insoluble steadfast for ms as a solid in solution, the solutionwill gradually become more and more opaque. Paper with a mark on itcan be used and the time taken for the mark to become invisible can berecorded. Another way to measure the precipitation rate is to use alight rhythm and data logger to record the amount of light transmitted.Finally, the last way is to measure the volume of gas given off usinga spray but this can only be used when a gas is given off.The rate of reaction depends on four things temperature increases the

The Chocolate Tree :: Botany

The Chocolate TreeFossil records are unable to provide information of on the center of origins of the cacao tree tree. The cacao tree is in the Sterculiaceae family. The first growers of the cacao pods were probably the people who entered the lowland rain forests of the Amazon Basin among 10,000 and 200 B.P. The full name of the cacao tree is Theobroma cacao. Most of the information of the cacao suck up been derived from the cultivated crop. The life and reproduction life cycle per second of Theobroma cacao is identical to a tropical rain forest tree species. Cacao grows optimally in minimal moisture and shade. Cacao is spread in small, medium and large areas. This is probably the result of animal dropping the informants after eating the tasty inside of the pods. Cacao pods are very different in morphology. These morphological difference suggests genetic differentiation.The Amazon region is considered the birthplace of the wild cacao tree. T. cacao appeared with the arrival of human species in South American. It have been suggested that T. cacao is the result of a cross between T. pentagona and T. leiocarpa. Cacao was not been selected for its seeds, but instead for the pulp surrounding them. Selection for the seeds begin in Mesoamerica. The seed pulp was used as a beverage. Cacao cultivation by the Indians, notably the Aztecs of Mexico and Mayas in Central America was established before the New human race was discovered. The next question would have to be how did the cacao tree cross the sea. Christopher Columbus brought a cacao beans back to Europe from the Gulf of Honduras. This cargo of cacao beans were the first specimens to enter Europe. The Aztecs settled in Mexico two hundred years before Cortes conquest of Mexico.When the Spaniards invaded the palaces of Montezuma they found a large number of cacao beans. The cacao beans were used in a drink called chocolatl. The was typically the drink for the most elite in the society. This is the treatment t hat was done on the cacao prior to storage. sun dried beans that had been roast in pots. The husk were removed, the nibs were placed on flat or concave stone, then ground and shaped with a roller. The fluid plentitude is then mixed with corn and spices and made into cakes. The chocolatl drink is made from a piece of the cake mixed with water and mixed with a molinet.

Essay on Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon

The Significance of Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon Of the various manifestations of voice that participate in the interplay of voices in Song of Solomon, I would like to touch three - the narrative voice, the signifying voice, and the responsive voice - each of which is dialogized within itself and in relation to the others. In the opening scene of the novel, the third-person omniscient narrative voice emphasis added informs us that at the time of day that Mr. Smith plans to fly from the roof of Mercy Hospital, word-of-mouth news just lumbered along (3). This phrase not only encodes the smuggled vernacular but also immediately directs the readers attention to the cultural, communicative process by which the community structures itself. Interestingly, the phrase appears in the second sentence after Mr. Smiths office some his planned flight appears in the text. Thus, it abruptly shifts the readers attention from the spectacle of Mr. Smith to the linguistic community of which he is a part. For this community, word of mouth is both a mode of communication and a category of knowledge upon which its members depend. The phrase also stands in contrast to the written word of Mr. Smiths note and therefore, paradoxically, points to his announcement as a suspension of the normative, just as the description of the community that follows the phrase suspends the reader, along with the curious crowd of onlookers. On the one hand, the narrative voice contextualizes the act of an separate with the attendant communal response on the other hand, it concurrently informs the reader and abdicates any totalizing ability to do so. Perhaps more importantly, however, in the litany of information about how the bl... ...significance to the listener. By paying attention to how identity is constructed dialogically rather than monologically, the reader hears and celebrates the voices that Toni Morrison both directly and indirectly enacts in the text. But this process als o enables the reader to criticism those cultural hegemonic forces that have silenced some voices in the first place. A dialogic reading not only encourages the reader to relinquish interpretations which reduce the African American community to a monologic, manageable entity but discourages the reader from coming to closure too easily. Works Cited Marilyn Sanders Mobley, Call and Response Voice, Community and Dialogic Structures in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon, in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon, in New Essays on Song of Solomon, ed. Valerie Smith, Cambridge University Press 1995, 41-68. 42-43

Essay on Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon

The Significance of Multiple Voices in Morrisons Song of Solomon Of the various manifestations of voice that participate in the interplay of voices in Song of Solomon, I would like to name three - the narrative voice, the signifying voice, and the responsive voice - each of which is dialogized within itself and in relation to the others. In the opening depiction of the novel, the third-person omniscient narrative voice emphasis added informs us that at the time of day that Mr. Smith plans to fly from the roof of Mercy Hospital, discourse-of-mouth news just lumbered along (3). This phrase not only encodes the black vernacular but also immediately directs the commentators attention to the cultural, communicative process by which the community structures itself. Interestingly, the phrase appears in the second sentence after Mr. Smiths note about his planned flight appears in the text. Thus, it abruptly shifts the readers attention from the spectacle of Mr. Smith to the linguistic c ommunity of which he is a part. For this community, word of mouth is both a mode of communication and a category of knowledge upon which its members depend. The phrase also stands in contrast to the written word of Mr. Smiths note and therefore, paradoxically, points to his announcement as a suspension of the normative, just as the description of the community that follows the phrase suspends the reader, along with the curious crowd of onlookers. On the nonpareil hand, the narrative voice contextualizes the act of an individual with the attendant communal response on the other hand, it concurrently informs the reader and abdicates any totalizing ability to do so. peradventure more importantly, however, in the litany of information about how the bl... ...significance to the listener. By paying attention to how identity is constructed dialogically rather than monologically, the reader hears and celebrates the voices that Toni Morrison both directly and indirectly enacts in the text . hardly this process also enables the reader to critique those cultural hegemonic forces that have silenced some voices in the first place. A dialogic reading not only encourages the reader to relinquish interpretations which reduce the African American community to a monologic, manageable entity but discourages the reader from coming to closure too easily. Works Cited Marilyn Sanders Mobley, Call and receipt Voice, Community and Dialogic Structures in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon, in Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon, in New Essays on Song of Solomon, ed. Valerie Smith, Cambridge University Press 1995, 41-68. 42-43

During the month of Kartik in the Bikram Sambat calendar Essay

During the month of Kartik in the Bikram Sambat calendar (late September and early October), the Nepalese people indulge in the biggest feast of the year, Dashain. Dashain is the longest and the most auspicious festival in the Nepalese annual calendar, celebrated by Nepalese of all caste and creed through break the country. The cardinal old age of celebration occurs during the bright lunar fort darkness ending on the day of the teeming moon.Thorough out the kingdom of Nepal the goddess Durga in all her manifestations atomic number 18 worshiped with innumerable pujas, abundant offerings and thousands of animal opens for the ritual holy bathing, thus drenching the goddess for days in blood. Dashain commemorates a great victory of the gods over the wicked demons. bingle of the victory stories told is the Ramayan, where the lord Ram after a big struggle slaughtered Ravana, the fiendish king of demons. It is said that lord Ram was successful in the strife only when goddess Durga w as evoked.The main celebration glorifies the triumph of good over evil and is symbolized by goddess Durga slaying the terrible demon Mahisasur, who terrorised the earth in the guise of a brutal water buffalo. The first nine days signify the nine days of ferrous battle between goddess Durga and the demon Mahisasur. The tenth day is the day when Mahisasur was slain and the live five days symbolise the celebration of the victory with the blessing of the goddess. Dashain is celebrated with great rejoice, and goddess Durga is worshiped throughout the kingdom as the divine perplex goddess.In preparation for Dashain every home is cleansed and beautifully modify, painted as an invitation to the pose goddess, so that she may visit and bless the family line with good fortune. During this sentence the reunion of distant and nearby relatives occur in every household. The market is filled with shoppers seeking new clothing, gifts, luxuries and enormous supplies of temple offering for the gods, as tumesce as foodstuffs for the family feasting. Thousands of sheep, goats, ducks, chicken and water buffalo are prepared for the great slaughter. All types of organisations are closed for ten to fifteen days.Labourers are almost insurmountable to find from the poor to the rich, all enjoy the festive mood. Anywhere you go the aroma of Vijaya Dashami is found. The first nine days of Dashain are called nawa ratri when tantric rites are conducted. In Nepal the life force is embodied in the divine energy and power of the female, depicted as goddess Durga in her many forms. All goddess who emanated from goddess Durga are known as devis, each with different aspects and powers. In most mother goddess temples the deity is represented simply as a sacred Kalash, carved water jug or multiple handed goddess holding murderous weapons.During these nine days people pay their homage to the goddess. If she is properly worshiped and pleased good fortunes are on the elbow room and if angered through neglect then misfortunes are around the corner. Mother goddess is the source of life and everything. The first day of Dashain is called Ghatasthapana, which literally means pot establishing. On this day the kalash, (holy water watercraft) symbolising goddess Durga often with her image embossed on the side is placed in the prayer room. The kalash is filled with holy water and cover with cowdung on to which reservoirs are sown.A small rectangular sand block is made and the kalash is put in the centre. The surrounding bed of sand is too spill with grains. The ghatasthapana ritual is performed at a certain auspicious moment determined by the astrologers. At that particular moment the priest intones a welcome, requesting goddess Durga to bless the vessel with her presence. The room where the kalash is established is called Dashain Ghar. Generally women are not allowed to enter the room where Dashain puja is being carried out. A priest or a household man worships the kalash c hance(a) once in the morning and then in the evening.The kalash and the sand are sprinkled with holy water everyday and it is shielded from direct sunlight. By the tenth day, the seed will have grown to five or six inches long yellow grass. The sacred yellow grass is called Jamara. It is bestowed by the elders atop the heads of those jr. to them during the last five days when tika is put on. The jamara is taken as a token of Goddess Durga as well as the elders blessing. As days passes by regular rituals are observed till the seventh day. The seventh day is called Fulpati.On this day the jamara to be used by the royal household is brought from their ancestral royal house in Gorkha about a hundred and sixty nine kilometres away over the hills north west of the valley of Kathmandu. A parade is held in the entellus Dhoka Royal Palace. The fulpati, i. e. the procession bearing the jamara and other items necessary for the tika, is brought from Gorkha after a three day walk and most of the government officials are thirstily postponement for the fulpati parade to arrive at Rani Phokari in the afternoon. Rani Phokari area is filled with hundreds of government officials meticulously attired in thetraditional formal dress. In fulpati, the royal kalash filled with holy water, banana stalks, jamara and sugar cane tied with red cloth is carried by Brahmans from the ancestral royal house on a decorated palanquin under a gold tipped and embroidered umbrella, led by the military platoon of the royal priest. The government officials also join the fulpati parade. Whilst the fulpati parade is coping towards the old royal palace, His Majesty the King observes the ceremonies taking place in Tundikhel, the army parade ground in the center of the city. There a knightly display of the Royal Nepalese Army is held.Guns are fired and the entire valley echoes with the resonance sound of it. The firing continues for ten to fifteen minutes to celebrate the fulpati. By the time the func tion ends the royal fulpati is already taken inside the Dashain ghar in Hanuman Dhoka Palace. With this the Dashain feasting starts. The eighth day is called the Maha Asthami. The fervour of worship and sacrifice to Durga and Kali increases. On this day many orthodox Hindus will be fasting. Sacrifices are held in almost every house through out the day. The night of the eighth day is called Kal Ratri, the dark night.Hundreds of goats, sheep and buffaloes are sacrificed at the mother goddess temples. In the darkness of the night Durga temples, army barracks, and old palaces all over Nepal hold sacrifices for the mother goddess. The sacrifice continues till interpenetrate. The old palace in Basantapur Hanuman Dhoka, is active throughout the night with worships in almost every courtyard. While the puja is being carried out great feasts are held in the homes of common people where large amount of meat are consumed. The ninth day is called Nawami. The Taleju temple at Hanuman Dhoka is o pen(a) for the public only once a year on this day.Thousands of people go and pay their respect to the goddess day. Temples of mother goddess are filled with people from dawn till dusk. On this day the official military sacrifices are held in the Kot courtyard at Hanuman Dhoka. The government allows foreigners to witness this function so hundreds of tourists and diplomats eagerly gather here. Animals mostly black buffaloes are slaughtered by hundreds to honour Durga the goddess of victory and might and to seek her blessing. Military bands play war tunes, guns boom and officers with beautifully decorated medals in full uniform stand there.When the function ends the courtyard is filled ankle deep with blood. On this very day the god Vishwas Karma, the God of creative thinking is also worshiped. All factories, vehicles, any machinery instruments and anything from which we make a living are worshiped. We also give sacrifices to all moving machinery like cars, aeroplanes, trucks etc. to get the blessing from goddess Durga for protection for vehicles and their occupants against accidents during the year. The entire day is colourful. The tenth day is the Dashami. On this day we take tika and jamara from our elders and receive their blessing.We visit our elders in their home and get tika from them while our younger ones come to our home to receive blessing from us. The importance of Dasain also lies in the fact that on this day family members from far off and distant relatives come for a visit as well as to receive tika from the head of the family. This function continues for four days. His Majesty also receives tika from the royal priests and then gives on tika to his incorruptible subjects. Thousands of loyal Nepalese people as well as foreigners also receive tika from His Majesty the King as this is said to be auspicious.After four days of rushing around and meeting your relatives Dashain ends on the full moon day, the fifteenth day. In the last day people stay at home and rest. The full moon day is also called Kojagrata meaning who is awake. The Hindu goddess of wealth Laxmi is worshipped. On this day the goddess Laxmi is given an invitation to visit each and everyone. After Dashain the nation settles rear end to normal. After receiving the blessing of goddess Durga, people are ready to work and acquire virtue, power and wealth. Dashain thus is not only the longest festival but also the most anticipated one among all the festivals of Nepal.

Value and Purpose of Literature

Value and Purpose of Literature Literature is expressed in varying ways, such as poetry, novels, history, biographies, and essays. Depending on which type of work you are reading, the purpose and interpretation is different as it is depending on the person that is reading it. The purpose of literature is to get a various set of people to read the same piece of work and comprehend it differently, but still have the same affect on them. The purpose likewise depends on the genre. History is a guide for the future it helps us figure out future plans and to help us not make the same mistakes we did sand then.Poetry and novels are more than of an artistic way to entertain people or to get how you truly feel onto paper and see if anyone else could relate. Biographies and essays are more of an informational bit written to persuade or inform the indorser of an occurring problem or of a person who is significant in the work they have accomplished. The tearing Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, is a fictional novel talking about a soldier in the Civil War that ditches the war to economise his self and then feels guilty and goes back to become one of the best soldiers in his regiment.This novel was written clearly for entertaining the reader and for a humble history lesson about who won the war. A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, is also a fictional novel about a youthful man at a school readying him for war where he finds what he is capable of. The value of literature is measured on how much the reader enjoyed the book. Reading is a pleasing way to pass the time for some people and can in many ways affect the way you red-hot and the way you think. The value a book can have on a reader is unlimited.It can change the way people live with and act each other, helps one understand the past and how the world has evolved, teaches a lesson that will inspire the reader to live a better life, and helps us asks questions related to the standards of a good life, but doesnt always answer them. Literature is one way that humans can communicate their thoughts and feelings to one another. Though the genres, purposes, and interpretations may differ, it is a universal tool and usually affects the reader in more than one way.

Communication Channels Essay

A large number of cases point out that using talk production lines properly would greatly improve the memorial tablet in some aspects. Without understanding communication channels, on the opposite, would have bad effects on the organization. It is not exaggerate to say that communication channels forge a significant role in management and good passenger cars will never miss them. In this essay, I will generally talk close to three several(predicate) communication channels which argon egg channel, everyday channel and grapevine practise and then analyze each of them in expatiate in order to make good comparison.By doing so, the differences among them are shown clearly. Some examples will be given to illustrate how weighty a good double-decker who understands communication channels and what benefit he would bring to the organization. Communication channels can be classified into three parts which are formal channel, informal channel and grapevine activity. A formal communi cation channel identifies individuals who are the official sources of information and the information that is their special concern(Johnson, Donohue&Atkin,1994).Since bloods are determined by unitys role, structure is viewed by managers as a static entity which conforms to a top pile phase (Monge & Eisenberg, 1987). This point of view emphasizes the configurations resulting from formal authority relationships be in the organizational hierarchy. An official meeting which held by organization is an exmaple of formal channel. On contrast, an informal communication channel is designed for varieties of needs such as social ones and it is based on the social contact as well as the own(prenominal) affection of administrative staff.This approach maintains a sense of personal integrity and team cohesiveness. Apart from the above two channels, grapevine activity is also counted. However, grapevine activity is a major medium of informal channel. As the name suggests, the grapevine is ent wined throughout the organization with branches going in all directions. They spread quickly, uncontrollably and, once started, are often hard to stop. Because grapevine activity may harm both individuals and the organization itself, managers must consider how to control it.Above three communication channels have their own advantages and disadvantages under different circumstances. How to use them efficiently and properly gives us a good topic to discuss. Formal communication channel is significantly useful when there is something fairly important to the organization and everyone should pay attention to. It shows the authority of superior and it is strictly serious. If we use informal channels instead of formal ones under this circumstance, lack of authority and configuration will lead to a never reached target. On one would consider it as an important issue.However, nowadays, informal communication channel is regarded as the complement of formal channel and cannot be ignored. If w e could manage informal channel in a right way, it would play an active role in organization. For example, in many situations, in order not to cause some unnecessary troubles, administrative staffs do not say exactly what they thought through formal communication channel but to chime in with others. On this occasion, when we take advantage of informal channel to have a talk with administrative staffs, we may grasp their accepted feelings towards certain issue and then shoot the arrow at the target.Informal channel may decrease interpersonal conflict and make the human relationship more harmonious. Grapevine activity, as mentioned above, it is a form of informal channel and it is an inevitable part of organizational life. Researchers generally agree that the grapevine often functions in a beneficial manner The grapevine can abet improve organizational efficiency in a number of ways. It also can help identify pending problems, can function as an early warning signal for organization al change, and is a vehicle for creating a common organizational culture.Unfortunately, the down side of grapevine activity is obviously at the same time. The most common one is inaccuracy. psychological research reveals that human always like to tear emotional messages when they are down in spirits or they are not satisfied with their jobs. They may misinterpret some facts intentionally or circumstantially and tell them to others in an exaggerate way. Someone who has have ulterior motives may take advantage of grapevine in order to satisfy their personal interests. then it can be seen that every communication channel has its range of application.Our aim in management is to use them properly. As a result, it is fairly important for a manager to understand communication channels. If a manager understand communication channels he(she) would know which channel is suitable for a certain situation. This would maintain a good human relationships and always make employees happy with the ir jobs. Employees do not work only for salary but also for some need in spiritual level. They need to be respected and participated. If they feel that they are important to the organization, they would work harder.A good manager would satisfy them with these aspects during formal communication. Informal communication also helps organization with its development. A good manager would use informal communication channel to keep good relationships with employees and cover the shortage of formal communication. For instance, deal out employees a lunch or a dinner if they do well in their positions and listen to their opinions as much as you can. This would let them feel that they are valued. Also, provide childcare to employees who have babies already and to free them of worries.By doing so, employees would be more happier and they would contribute more to the organization. As for grapevine activity, a good manager would know how to deal with it and make good control of it. Consequently , the organization would grow faster if we take very good advantage of communication channels. In conclusion, there are three communication channels which are named as formal channel, informal channel and grapevine activity. They all have positive functions to organization figure on how you manage them. It is worthwhile to know and use them appropriately in management and a great value will be obtained accordingly.

Your Self’s Your Real Best Friend

In fact, a outdo companion is a individual who is exiting to be with you in times of your unwanted attitudes. From those statements above, a best friend is the one who is al charges with you through thick and thin. Who is your sincere best friend? Is he soul who leaves you in darkness? Is he virtu wholeyone who is with you because of your wealth? Is he someone who approaches you because he needs some sociable occasion from you? Think of those. Real best friend is non your shadow that leaves you when youre in darkness. He is the moon that lights your way in the night. He is the arrow that points you to the powerful way.He is the hand that guides you to righteousness. He is the umbrella that shields you against rain. Do you k instantaneously who is he? He is your self. Your self is your real best friend. He is always thither for you. He is the one who comforts you when you moderate problems. He is the one who always under dissents you. He is the one who genuinely screws you . He is the one who cheers you up. He is the one who take down outs you strong. He is the one who shows you the true meaning of life. He is the one who deserves your savor, your trust and your time. Treasure your self because he is the only one who wont turn his covering fire for you when the whole knowledge domain closes its door.To prove that your self is your real best friend sounds hard because I need to research or to put real stories of concourse on the paper. However, I piddle or have non altered their names and some details to protect them and to make the persons identities unrecognizable as what some authors have done. The most essential part of the stories is true. To be honest, I have found it difficult in choosing my topic for my first research paper in college. Perhaps, I fitting dont know what, who, when, whither, why and how to write. For the ch in allenge, I extend my joinfelt thanks to my professor, Sir JEvangelists, in spite of the headache I got through the process. With start him, I wont hold my real best friend. I go for that your way of teaching provide continue to en courage much students and to show them the importance of learning. self-importance strikeance is creation happy with who you be now. Its an agreement with yourself to appreciate, validate, admit and support who you atomic number 18 at this moment. For example, speak out of acceptance of yourself equivalent being okay with your house right now. wiz day you might want a bigger house or you have this dream house in your mind, just there ar advantages to your dwarfish home now.So you can be happy with the house you have now and still dream of your bigger house as a reality later. Self acceptance leads to a new life with new possibilities that did not exist ahead because you were caught up in the struggle against reality. People have trouble pass judgment themselves because of a lack of motivation. Some have this misconception that if you ar happy w ith yourself you wont change things rough yourself. This isnt true, you dont have to be unhappy with yourself to know and actively change things you dont wish. acceptance could be called the first step in change.Everyone is various, unique or special. He has his own talents, skills or images based on paragon. The environment is like a Judge. It well observes what is lacking in a person except not the things that he has. All it incurs is the negative things not the positive ones. Its criticism brings a point that the person will be weakened. Every thing it says leaves a painful mark in the mind of a person. What hell soon bet is to regret his own life. Hell think to be Just somebody else. If that happens, everybody will like him. The people around him will praise him. Everyone is naturally Judge- mental.Like a Judge or a Jury, he likes to figure out your mistake, your weakness and our lacking personality (Cohen, 1991). If you be ugly, people will continue to say that you arg on ugly. They will say worse thing against you or blush hit you at your back. If you be not so smart, they will tease you and dislike you. If you argon arrogant, people will leave you and you will have lesser friends. Everyone is not perfect. Not all is packed in each of us. What is present to one may not be present to someone. If you are perfect, you are the Lord or you are over Him (Whitman, 2002).Have you ever tried to talk to someone who has personality opposite to you? Perhaps, he had told you about himself, about what he wants and about his expectations or he had even praised you for being the person he wished to be. Everyone get holds those things. He wants to change side with other. If you think the same, youre not Just the one because there are still more. My teacher in high school had once told us that Filipinos venerate Americans because they are beautiful, but Americans admire Filipinos because they are beautiful. Both of them admire each other. It sounds funny but its true.As what I said, not all will be urinaten to a person. There must be a gap. To arrange from the situation depends on a person. Its he who can carry himself to the ass he fits in. Thinking about the miss in your life will skillful make you confused (Cohen, 1991). Each men and women is born special in the eyes of perfection, our Creator. Generally, everyone is blind to figure out how special he is. He feels something is missing in his life. Sometimes, questioning Him makes him disappointed or frustrated. Not all is given attractive appearance, retentive memory or any skills that can help him stand on his own.These missing personalities make him regret his own life. These in any case steal his hope to win the battle of mankind (Self-esteem 3). Like the majority, I have likewise wished to be someone. I have imagined that I was Polloi Paschal. I thought that some girls will like me if I were him. If I had given a concert, I would have sung my fans songs that rob every la dy heart. All of those were Just a dream. I had once thought to personally meet Drag. Vicky Bell and to take on her change me as a star (Self- esteem 3). When I was awoken, I saw myself like a fool. What I dreamt was a big foolishness.God has given me my life and all He does was planned. He turns me to be a good person following His commands. The person I am is special like the person you are. Perhaps, we are different in many aspects, but those differences show what ally we are. For God, we are equal despite the things we may or may not see at bottom ourselves (Self-esteem 3). If you accept yourself, you are accepting God. Everyone must be thankful for the gifts He has given no matter how painful the reality is. The beauty of the heart weighs greater than the temporary beauty of appearance.God wont give a problem to a person if that problem is hard to solve or cant be solved. Life has a purpose to discover with Him. Just put Him on the center and Hell serve as a guide toward righ teousness (Cohen, 1991). Everyone was born for a reason. He is here to serve God with all his heart and with al his spirit. Having shame in ourselves walls us to do our purpose. Dont feel that youre a mistake because it lowers your courage. Just think that all the things happening to you now are not a mistake. Dont even think that youre making no sense although you have done everything to make others happy. Just opine on Him (Whitman, 2002).Like Whitman, author of Be Your Own Best Friend, I made a good relationship to my friends in SIT College Sat. Rosa, Laguna when I began to accept who really I am. In high school, I used to be unapproachable because I was overly smart. I was a constant achiever and the valedictory speaker of my batch. I realized that I need to put God in my heart. According to Muhammad All, Its hard to be humble when youre so great , yet its not like that because humility is hard to have when God is out your heart. Allowing God to reign in me makes me not so pro ud instead, I am now open-hearted to listen to people because of Him (Whitman, 2002).Lowering your pride doesnt mean lowering your self-esteem. Achieving fame doesnt mean degrading others to be made. When we achieve honors or awards we must be thankful and never bar those people behind our success. Success is to measured through the number of medals or the number of people we beat, yet it is measured through the people we make happy and through our constant relationship with the Lord. The more we make good are the more we have friends that love us. By seeing our boundaries, we can learn to stop, to move, to go and continue our Journey.By accepting ourselves, we can learn to accept a fix relationship with God, with friends and with others including our enemies (Cohen, 1991). Help agent to furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object. It besides means to aid, to assist or to help a man n his work. Another, it means to help one to remember. My sister and my classmate, ate Alma, were both alumnae of The Sisters of Mary School (SOME) in Cavity. Ate Aka has clearly secernated me her experience there. I could remember her story and I myself could say that it was really a heart-warming one.Reading the A Heart for the Poor about the servant of God, Megs. Allusions Schwartz has revealed me a person who really dedicated his life for the Lord sky pilot AAA was a real hero and he used his heart serving the poor. He loved the poor by giving them the opportunity to necessitate and to experience the life with God. Here and in other countries, he built schools for Boston and girlhoods. He has served not Just the poor but also God (Rwanda, 2006). Father AAA was a model of a true hero. He has saved lives in the darkness, he has guided the spiritual growth of children.With him, the blurred future(a) of the poor has turned colorful. He was not rich but he has used his heart to share for those in need. Because o f his acts, many individuals have risen out of poverty (Rwanda, 2006). Helping others even were not rich but with all of our hearts makes us come closer to God. We can help others through small deeds as long as we dont step anybody. We must Just be true to ourselves, to Him, to our loved ones and to our enemies. Small or big things that we share to others are the same in the eyes of God as long as we remember to help.By dedicating ourselves in service, the life of comfortless waits us above (Rwanda, 2006). When you turn yourself as your real best friend, dont think that you put walls for others. You must learn to know who you are so that youll know others. Making yourself as your real best friend means accepting your strengths and weaknesses. Your self knows who you are, what you want, when to go, where to stop, why to live ND how to accept responsibilities, affirmation, criticism and realities. Sometimes we are deaf, we are mute, we are blind, we are paralyzed and we are unfair but we must learn to change.Changing ourselves is Just correcting our unconsciousness Trust can be naturally attributed to relationships between people. It can be demonstrated that human race have a natural disposition to trust and to Judge trus cardinalrthiness that can be traced to the neurological trust on another person or entity, structure and activity of a human brain, and can be altered by the application of extinction. Conceptually, trust is also attributable to relationships within and between social groups (families, friends, communities, organizations, companies, nations etc. ).It is a popular approach to frame the dynamics of inter-group and intra- group interactions in terms of trust. When it comes to the relationship between people and technology, the attribution of trust is a matter of dispute. The intentional stance demonstrates that trust can be validly attributed to human relationships with complex technologies. However, rational reflection leads to the rejection of an ability to trust technological artifacts. What lessens mans courage to do things is the lack of trust. He often thinks that he cant do one even without making a try and Just Jumping into a worse conclusion.Self-trust calls for your trust to God. When you trust yourself, you believe that He will guide you, that He will protect you and that He will give you the strength you need. Trusting to your capacities makes you a better and stronger person. It is your password toward the horizon to meet the sun. It is the line that will connect you to the daub of the Lord, to the place that everyone dreams and to the place that you dont expect to go. Just keep on believe on yourself (Cohen, 1991). Jessica was Just 19 when she was abused by group of guys who were famous for being rich while she was only a middle class one.She was ravish by those men and was left alive. All she wanted was Justice. Hiring an attorney and fighting those high class people sounded hard. Her dedication and trust t o herself made her strong. Her family and relatives were all support her. Despite the lack of budget to pursue the case and despite the risk she would be facing, she never gave up. The hearing took long but she won the case at the end even though she had opposed famous ones Jessica story was Just like Nicole, victim of Cubic Rape Case, who also fought for her rights despite the similar reason.If the two could fight those big enemies, we would also make our moves to surpass different kinds of hardship, big or small one. Fighting involves our self-trust. We are fighting because we believe we will win, we know we can make it and we feel God will guide us, God will protect us and God will show us what is right (Whitman, 2002). Ernest is my friend, maybe my closest friend. Last semester, we had our College Algebra I Just detect that he was naturally good in Mathematics because he was also DOD in answering equations, but he was nervous in front of our classmates and in front of our teache r, Sir Florence.I observed that his skills could lift his group, L. V. After our midterm, our teacher made a curriculum entitled Young Mathematician Of the Year (YMMV). I talked to Ernest and asked him to Join. He Joined the said comp allowion and I was really amazed because he was hailed the over-all champion. He defeated the different courses handled by Sir Florence. Like him, we can also be a winner as long as we have faith in ourselves (Cohen, 1991). I was really captured by Cones story about an underdog Cincinnati Reds who on over the reigning and weakening World Champion Oakland As.Both the media and fans were predicting that the 1990 World Series would be the soul-sleeping championship. On or in the beginning the actual showdown of the two teams it was announced by radio that Charlie Hostler, loyal Reds fan, had bet $ 50,000 on his admired team to recant as winner within the first four games straight. The risk against him was to win tripled amount through the bet or he will get $ 1. 5 million if his favorite team has four win straight. The first two battles were plucked by Reds in its home court. The second two fights were in the place of As.Despite the nerve- wrecking fans of As and the misgivinging noise, Reds built edge and returned victorious while Hostler got rich (Cohen, 1991). From that story while almost everybody believes that Reds will be humbled comfortably by As Hostler stand that Reds will win. He made a metal belief not Just to his team but also in his self. Believing while everyone around you is contradicting requires a man of spirit. Sometimes, we feel that a thing is right but others say it is wrong. In ourselves, we can see the faith even were against all odds. Not all that majority lives is factual. Everyone is a human.The truth lies on how strong we believe. Never say l quit because theyre too many. I have no fight against them. That was wrong. Believing in ourselves can show us the courage to surpass every hindrance that clogs on the way. Theres hope as long as theres faith (Cohen, 1991). Fear is a distressing emotion induced by a perceived threat. It is a basic choice mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. In short, vexation is the ability to recognize danger and flee from it or confront it, also known as the Fight or Flight response.Some psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutarch, and Paul Seaman have suggested that fear belongs to a small set of basic or innate emotions. This set also includes such emotions as Joy, sadness, and anger. Fear should be distinguished from the link emotional state of anxiety, which typically occurs without any external threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors of escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety is the result of threats which are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.Worth noting is that fear almost always relates to future events, such as worsening of a situation or an tiquation of a situation that is unacceptable. Fear could also be an instant reaction to something presently happening. In our lives, were filled with questions that talk about the fear we have for the future. We dont know what store waits us miles away. We cant see even a clue of what were firing to be whether good or bad. We appear hopeless. We need answers to make us calm down, to make us satisfied and to make us happy. However, we get no response every time we ask.There are no voices, there are no clues and there are no reactions. We are left unanswered, we are left blurred and we are left frustrated. We dont know what step to take, we dont know what place to go, we dont know what place to go and we dont know when to stop. Were not heard or we Just dont make ways to be heard (Cohen, 1991). Open your ears widen your eyes and let your other senses function. Theres hope. Theres light in darkness. Theres God. God is hope. He knows the answers to our problems. Jesus said, Only peopl e who dont know God worry about future.Let Him drive our destiny and let Him stay in your heart. If you let Him, you wont worry like that, you wont frown so hard and you wont keep on finding answers. He is the real answer. Never think its always the end of the world nor its non-sense to live instead, think that Hes always willing to hear, Hes always ready to guide and Hes always here to support. The real hope is He (Future Hope 58). Problems brought about by our indifference and other factors have grown in our environment. Oftentimes, we miss many things because we close ourselves or were not willing to be a part.We overleap the situation and allow it to become severe. Were afraid and we continue to let things go wrong. We never take a move to settle down those problems until the impact comes bigger. Well Just move after we see that damage occurred. We have no strength, we have no will and we have no desires to help address the problems. We are query that things will be unsolved, that life will be unfair and that we may be victimized by our own foolishness. We are weakened. We are down. All we think is everything goes wrong, everything has no answer and everything is complicated (Cohen, 1991).Fear is not an enemy. What we are afraid of tends to shallow ourselves. Its like a data programmed on our mind thats why we seem to arouse when we are faced to it. Our mind says no because it knows that things will go wrong. We are expecting worse wing may happen next, we are tactile sensation hurt will follow afterwards, we are hiding reality can go away and we are saying negative aura against our heart. The truth, it hurts us, occupies our body (Cohen, 1991). Imagine that youre hunting a rooster that has grown free throughout his life.Hunting him is hard because he go pasts anywhere he flies a distance and he hides in one place which is hard to find. He does those things because he feels afraid on the hunter. When he is caught, he still wants to get free away from the rope on his foot. He continues to run until he accepts the fact that he cant. Being a prison becomes a part of his life. Observe that he never goes away like what he did ahead when you untie him after a few months. He can be easily caught from a distance (Cohen, 1991), The rooster runs, flies and hides when someone tries to get him because hes afraid.Like him, we also run and hide but not fly when we feel we are not secured. When we hide, we build walls to others. We miss our lives, we miss many opportunities, we miss experiences and we miss the real happiness because we dont take a try, we isolate ourselves and we are shy to face our fear. We also run away from the problems packed in our environment until we are worn out or tired. We moieties think to end our lives. See what Just happened to the APP Officer, Angelo Rexes recently. He committed suicide in front of the tomb of his mother because of the allegation or accusal against him about the military budget.He was afraid t o face his own problem and he left the case unsolved. What he did was a mortal sin because he had no right to claim his own life except God (Cohen, 1991). Last February, I was part of NEST tour to Blind. There I learned a lot. It was a great experience and a good memory to remember. I loved being there. My heart was hit by an inmate, Kayak Alex, when he started to narrate his story. It was true that he made a mistake but that transformed him to a person he is now. He was approachable and he answered all my questions throw to him. His case was robbery and homicide.He said they were five friends who did the said crime. He was already 33 yr. Old and he stayed there for 15 years to pay a 20-40 yr. Sentence. He changed when he met God (Cohen, 1991). What made me carried away was when he said that he admitted that he made a sin not Just in the eyes of the people around him but also in the eyes of the Lord and he was willing to pay for that with all his heart. I could not take care direc tly at his eyes cause all I see was sorrow. I saluted him because he stayed strong despite that problem and he was not like Angelo who ran from his problems (Cohen, 1991).Going back from the chicken, Kayak Alex looked like there was a rope on his foot. Of course from the start, he wanted to escape. He also tried to run until he Just accepted the fact that he couldnt. The rope was the Jail. In Blind, inmates follow rules. He also does. In our talk, he never missed to give me pieces of advice like I must listen to my parents, I must read my friends, I must know God and I must think first before I make a step (Cohen,1991). The main lesson that I got through our short conversation was everyone has a second chance but it doesnt mean he must waste the first one.When we sin, we have another chance to correct it, but it doesnt mean we must do a sin to correct. It is better that we do what we think is right in our lives with the guidance of the Lord above and never try to make a sin intenti onally (Cohen, 1991). place is a result, end, mean, aim, or goal of an action intentionally undertaken, or of an object being brought into use or existence, whether or not the purpose was a primary or unessential effect. It is possible that an intentional act may have multiple reposes, only one of which is a primary intention while the remainders are secondary intentions.For example, the universe of a gene into a species of rice may have the primary intention of providing resistance to disease and a secondary intention of reducing nutritional value. The diminished nutritional value, though perhaps regrettable, would be a secondary intention in that it is a known effect willingly accepted. The world is furnished by challenges. These are according to Gods purpose. He has plan for every one of us. Perhaps, we are afraid for the future but let Him drive us. Never fear because. He is always there for us. Everything happening to you right now whether good or bad is a gift of Him.When we let Him be the driver of our life, we accept Him whole-heartedly. With Him, well know ourselves, well have a peace of mind and well receive an open heart (Whitman, 2002) A purpose of our life is still unanswered, still vague, still arguable and still hard to visualize. Only God knows that purpose. If you still dont know what is your purpose now, its okay. However, one of our purposes in life is to have a relationship with Jesus, the son of God. Actually, we are challenged. Like us, Jesus was also Halloween when he lived with humans as one of them. Many temptations arose to him.One of these was to turn his back to his father but that failed to happen until he breathe his last on the cross. Jesus is forever loyal to Him and we must do the same also as long as we have faith (Preparing for His Purpose 8). Temptation is everywhere. It will repeatedly test us. Life without it is boring. The best way to fight it is to be prepared. It wont matter how many times we are tempted, but what counts is how many times we allow God to reign us against it. Angels and demons will continue to battle in influencing individuals. We have the choice and that depends to us. The choice is Gods test.We have the right to choose whether to follow Him or to ignore Him. Judas and Jesus were both tested by Him. Judas failed his test when he sold Jesus for a little amount of capital while Jesus never failed his test against the evil spirit because his faith to Him was strong (Cohen, 1991). Like them, we are tested. The test is to prove how strong we believe on Him. We are given options and it depends to us what to pick up. The Lord wants you find the right way. He wants you to pick up the right decision and to be with Him in heaven. On the other hand, Satan will try you to disobey Him.Hell do everything to invade your heart and to put there all the anger, all the hatred and all the fear in order to win you. Those are the reality happening to everyone right now. Satan becomes stronger in influencing people. God doesnt want that. What he wants is for us to realize we are wrong and we need to be in line with righteousness. Remember that judgment comes nearer. Sooner, we are going to pay our foolishness, we are going to suffer because of our acts and we are going to have a hardship after death (Cohen, 1991). Peaceful life with Satan is temporary while the one with God is eternal.Sometimes, we know were wrong but we continue to do wrong. God says stop but we dont listen. When we are trapped to extreme situation, we begin to blame Him, we begin to question Him and we begin to Judge Him. Is it His misplay? No, its our fault. We close our ears and we refuse to listen. He guides but we dont follow, He teaches us but we are not willing to learn, He shows us the right way but we continue to pass on the other way and He calls us but we are deaf to response. Its not yet the end. God is willing to forgive. He will continue to open His door but we need to knock at it with all o ur heart.God is Just waiting you inside (Cohen, 1991). Your self is your real best friend but it doesnt mean you erase God, you ignore your family and you refuse friends. When you turn yourself as your best friend, its the time when you an accept them. In your self, you need to build all the positive things so that theres a balance. Everything begins in your self like acceptance, trust, sharing, awareness and forgiveness. It all starts with you. Live your life with love because it will serve as your endorse to listen to others. Loving yourself will show you the sight way (Whitman, 2002). shaft is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment. In philosophical context, love is a justice representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. Love is central to many religions, as in the Christian phrase, God is love or Agape in the Canonical gospels. Love may also be described as actions towards others based on compassion or as actions towards others based on affecti on. I Just noticed in myself that I feel happy when people are also happy. What makes me feel that are they. The people around me give me a kind of feeling either that or the opposite.Maybe, you are experiencing the same also. That sounds like you love others more thank your self. Like l, you rather hurt yourself to make someone happy even deep inside youre sad. That is also good but better if you will also make yourself happy first before others. Love yourself first before loving others. If you can love others, you can love yourself or vice versa. Loving yourself is loving others. You must take the balance. Love yourself so that you can give the right love for others and you wont feel the guilt inside (Cohen, 1991). As I said, loving yourself doesnt mean youll be self-centered.You need to give eve to yourself so that you wont feel that something is missing within you. If you dont love yourself, who do you think will love you? That is a rhetorical question. The answer is close to yo u. Every ones need is to love and be loved. If all is Just to love, is the one complete? Everyone needs to be loved aside from to love. One of the commandments of God is Love your neighbors as much as you love yourself. It says that as much as you love yourself so you must give the same love you have in yourself to others. How come you can give more love to others if you have a little love in yourself?Wheres the balance? Of course, the main point is to have an equal love to yourself and to others. That is what the commandment wants you to know In General, my research paper talks about you. It wants you to know your real best friend. In life, you are faced into different challenges and these make you a person who you are now. In these, God must always present so that you can make the right decision. You must learn to accept yourself, help others, trust or believe yourself, remove your fear, know your purpose and love yourself. To know more about your real best friend, go at a mirror and smile because youll see him smiling too.

Psychotherapy Approaches Within Treatment

Overwhelming events are abundantly overflowing in todays society. Both positive and negative events bear upon society in numerous styluss. Depending on the specific circumstances of an event, both individual(prenominal)ly and soci whollyy, a persons senses hindquarters alter from whiz emotion to an other(a). Many people are able to manage his or her emotions with a support system which could include family and friends. Others may choose to seek a healer or counselor outside of his or her support system. Psychotherapy supports an individuals need or want of changes inside his or her personal life.In vagabond for a person to bring about the desired changes with a psychotherapist one of four types of primary approaches at heart therapy must be applied. The primary inclination of psychotherapy is usually to alter changes within behavior by utilizing theories to support a person with overcoming problems or negative emotions. Over 400 different types of various(a) theories can be utilise by a therapist. All of the diverse theories are employ to assist an individual with coping and understanding his or herself within the past, submit, and future.The four primary approaches used within therapy are psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic. The psychodynamic approach is generally used to assist individuals with defense methods to safe guard his or her self from emotions or behaviors that are impulsive and sometimes un informed. The behavioral approach focuses more on authenticly altering a invitees behavior so that he or she can re-learn skills that the individual may have forgotten, but are necessary to function.Cognitive approaches within therapy assist clients to think in different ways by altering the individuals personal dysfunctional cognitions that he or she may have. Humanistic therapy utilizes the philosophical view of the clients own personal responsibilities. All therapists are skilled in different areas of training and use differe nt methods, but one of the aforementioned primary approaches is almost always utilized (Feldman, 2009). Psychoanalysis is categorized under Freudian psychotherapy which is founded on the theory that every person has withdrawn or hidden flavorings within his or her self.When using psychoanalysis, the primary closing is to find a way to discharge the withdrawn or unconscious thoughts so that a person can decrease the empowerment of the controlled behaviors inside of his or herself. The therapist works on helping the client become aware of his or her subconscious feelings which helps eliminate stress and anxiety. Sigmund Freud believed that an individuals personality was made up of three different systems that he labeled the id, ego, and the superego. Each of the three systems has a different function, but do work unitedly to preside over a persons behavior.The id is described as the personality development within a newborn child and is unconscious. The ego and superego climb and develop from the id. The id embraces the biological impulses within a person which can include the need to eat, drink, sleep, and sexual pleasure. careless(predicate) of external conditions, the id searches for instant gratification. During childhood the ego becomes present when the child learns that actual impulses are non always able to be met when wanted or needed. The ego accepts the reality of a situation within the conscious self.The superego symbolizes the ethics, values, and morals within a society and chooses whether an act is right or wrong. The superego can also be referred to as a persons actual conscience. The superego grows and develops through consequences and awards learned through standards of the individuals society (Feldman, 2009). Contemporary approaches used within psychodynamic therapy look for ways to reduce the unnecessary time consumed utilizing Freuds theory which was created during the nineteenth century.According to Feldman contemporary therapists conc lude therapy within three months or an average of twenty sessions based on an individuals needs (2009). By utilizing the contemporary approach less time is spent on the clients history and more time is spent focusing on relationships and occurrent problems that he or she is going through. Substance abuse programs and psychoanalysis have recently begun to work together and have proven to be productive and effective. Regardless if the Freudian method or the psychotherapy method is administered, both have received praise and disapproval by critics.Some critics state that psychotherapy is too dear(p) and time consuming and even doubt the theory all together. Regardless of the critics, numerous individuals have achieved the desired results from psychotherapy. Psychotherapy searches for solutions and answers for hard to cope with problems. Assessments are used to identify a clients individual personality to ensure the best method is utilized. A client that has a personality that is non- social or lacking in communication would achieve higher results with either the behavioral or cognitive approach.Behavior therapy focuses on approaches that behaviors are learned and are problematic, but can be altered with reinforced behaviors. A client must learn new behaviors to replace the existing problematic behaviors. The classical conditioning therapy is used to give funding for positive behaviors and critical feedback for negative behaviors. A client that is participating in classical conditioning therapy can have a strong emotional chemical reaction to certain music or even fragrances. Classical conditioning therapy is also used when dealing with fears or phobias that are interfering with a persons life.Aversive conditioning is a therapy that cuts back the occurrences of a specific negative behavior by implementing aversive and unwanted reactions with the behavior. An example could be that a therapist could tie in a situation that is similar to another that would cause an adverse effect like showing someone that smokes pictures of the effects of lung cancer. Systematic desensitization slowly exposes a client to an anxiety induced state that combines a relaxing technique that reduces the anxiety. In some cases meditation is used to assist a client in calming him or herself heap and finding a peaceful place within his or her mind.The operant technique is based upon the instruction theory. An example of the learning theory is practicing something over and over. The learning theory is found within the educational system and has proved to be successful. Rewards are implemented for positive behaviors. For example in elementary schools children may be given a sticker for achieving a goal, while the children that did not meet the goal would not receive a sticker. dialectical behavior therapy is founded on the principles of both classical and operant conditioning theories.A client in dialectical behavior therapy is made to accept the way that he or she is regardless if the person is considered acceptable or not. Patients are given two choices which are to work on changing him or herself or remaining how he or she is. Dialectical behavior assists individuals in achieving a more effective behavior while learning to keep his or her emotions under control. Behavior therapy is withdraw when trying to eliminate fears, phobias, anxiety disorders, and impulsiveness. Studies have shown that behavior therapy has significantly made changes at neuroscientific levels.With the help of neuroscience and genomics, improved approaches have been made in the treatment of affable illnesses such as the developmental brain disorder, schizophrenia (Insel, 2010). Cognitive treatment is used to teach individuals a more adaptive way of thinking and behaving. The therapist tries to alter dysfunctional thought by implementing and suggesting different approaches. Cognitive behavioral approach seeks to alter patterns by changing the way a person think. The th erapist teaches the client different approaches to different situations and continues participating in therapy (Feldman, 2009).Cognitive treatment includes the rational-emotive behavior approach which tries to reconstruct a clients thought member into thoughts that are more rational, logical, and reasonable. Being successful in life starts in a persons thought process and some believe that he or she is unworthy. By implementing the rational-emotive approach a therapists attempts to change what a person considers illogical into logical. A person can often times change his or her way of thinking by focusing on the dysfunctional thoughts and paying more attention on the logical thoughts.Humanistic theories concentrate on teaching a client how to control his or her behavior. This approach shows that a person can control his or her behavior, solve average daily dilemmas, and make wise choices by his or her self. Humanistic therapy is implemented because psychological disorders can becom e evident when a person feels alone and does not have a high value of life. In this type of therapy the patient is more responsible for leading the therapy while the therapist assists. Additional segments of humanistic therapy are client centered, interpersonal, and group therapy.Therapists are challenged during the evaluation and process of diagnosing and establishing a treatment plan. Psychiatric diagnoses are usually categorized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders also referred to as the DSM-IV. The DSM-IV includes all mental health disorders for both children and adults. Psychiatrists and physicians are able to evaluate an individuals level of functioning through the use of multiaxial approach. Clinical syndromes are situated in Axis I and are arranged into categories like adjustment, anxiety, and pervasive development disorders.Personality and Mental Retardation is located in Axis II and breaks down the long term effects that are no categorized under t he Axis I disorders. Mental retardation is a mental impairment that affects a persons intellectual areas and interferes with a persons ability to care for him or herself. Axis III includes medical conditions. Axis IV includes psychosocial and environmental problems that a person may have. Axis V is the global assessment of functioning which allows a physician to comprehend the previous axes and can provide reading on the possible effects.Because of the increasing number of disorders that are displayed in patients today, the DSM-IV is a tool to help establish an individual treatment plan. As with any other tool, there are both advantages and disadvantages while using this system. People tend to display different symptoms and could possibly be misdiagnosed which would lead to the inappropriate treatment plan. biography events are considered to be a start for stress that could lead to other psychological problems. Some people simply cannot handle emotions, whether positive or negativ e. Events can be traumatizing for some that would be normal for others.Therapists work with these individuals to teach a client how to cope with stressful situations. Stress can lead to depression if not dealt with properly. Psychotherapy is one of the most preferred and implemented forms of treatment used to deal with mild to moderate emotional and mental disorders. Talking with a therapist enables a person to reflect on him or herself and examine issues in depth. Establishing a relationship with a client may be difficult at first. Some people relate better to some than others, but it is important to find a good match so that the client will feel comfortable and open up honestly.In some cases a person may need to meet with numerous therapists until a comfortable match is found. The primary goal of psychotherapy is to help an individual manage his or her life and find methods to treat and overcome personal difficulties. There are numerous types of disorders that require one or more types of the four primary approaches used within therapy. Some people are able to establish a support system within friends, family, and others in his or her life. Those that do not have a support system should seek a therapist to overcome undesirable feelings and emotions.

Functions, Values, and Roles of the Nurse Practitioner Essay

I catch read and understand the plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and the sections in the catalog relating to Indiana Wesleyans Honest/Cheating policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my paper, I certify that I have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating or plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, I understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could intromit expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University.Function, Values, and Roles of the Nurse Practitioner When contemplating the fibres and values of the accommodate practitioner it is necessary for the school-age child to first exam the addresser path and scope of the nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners atomic number 18 registered nurses who have advanced education and training in a health sustenance setting. They are practitioners with advanced degrees such as a Master of Science in nurse and are licensed as registered nurses who have practiced as a registered nurse for a lower limit of at least two years.Most nurse practitioners advance(prenominal) in their course work will identify a specialty theater of operations of nursing that they have an interest in doing research in. Determination of this specific area is usually influenced by what area of nursing the student has experience working in as a registered nurse. Other times, it is influenced by the illness of someone close to them or a family member. Cardiac health and transplantation is an area that this student wishes to act on as a specialty area. My interest has been piqued by personal experience in this area with a family member.This student believes that this specialty area values the health and well-being of all mankind and that research is rewarded as a basis for providing new and upcoming trends in this specialty area. Through early detection and word of cardiac related illness, healthcare providers in this area stri ve to prevent diseases such as congestive heart failure from progressing to advanced stages requiring even hike up cardiac intervention.It is the intuitive feeling of this student that to become a competent urse practitioner one must value wellness, enjoy the human race, and have the true relish to care for others. Race, socioeconomic status, and educational level of the client are not priorities when determining plans of care for patients. The nurse practitioner must remain non bias in her personal beliefs and put the needs of the patient first at all times. This ensures nonbiased holistic complete care is provided which is valued by all nurse practitioners and desire by all health care consumers. .Due to recent changes in government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid coupled with the sky rocketing cost of health care many Americans are being forced to change the way they access health care. As the face of health care moves away from the traditional hospital setting to oth er sites inside the community, the role and function of the nurse practitioner has moved to the forefront of the health care system. Nurse practitioners practice in a variety of settings that include community health centers, primary care clinics, hospital departments, physician offices, and walk in clinics.Accessibility to care is one criterion that has created popularity among the role of nurse practitioners. One area of interest among nurse practitioners that has become popular is the concept of family care specialization. Family care nurse practitioners value providing care to the entire family and are often viewed as the physicians of long ago. The care given by these practitioners is family based care, and not limited to one criterion such as age or gender, hence reminding people of how physicians practiced many years ago.Family nurse practitioners are licensed in the same way as other nurse practitioners except usually have a broader clientele base and work chiefly in prim ary care clinics and not in specialty areas. Another prime(prenominal) the nurse practitioner must value is the cogency to recognize the limits of their knowledge and expertise within their scope of practice. This recognition allows for collaboration with another health care provider to take place and ensures holistic problem focused healthcare is made available to all patients.When discussing societys perception of the nurse practitioner, it is this students belief that there is an overall general acceptance in the role of the nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners have been made to earn the respect of their profession. During the early development of this career, nurse practitioners were originally viewed by some members of society as want to be physicians. This perception has changed within the last ten years and has mainly been influenced by the decrease in the number of general practice physicians.The increase in the number of baby boomers has also created the need for more (prenominal) medical providers thus helping to create further awareness and acceptance among the role of a nurse practitioner. Furthermore, recognition of nurse practitioners by third party insurances, in covert care provided by nurse practitioners, has also encouraged the use and popularity of nurse practitioners. When asked about societys perception of the nurse practitioner, it is this students belief that there is an overall general acceptance of the role of the nurse practitioner.However, acceptance of this role in the medical field has not always been the norm. Nurse practitioners have been made to earn the respect of their profession and were originally viewed by some members of society as substitute doctors. It is this students belief this perception has changed within the last ten years due to the decrease in the number of available general practice physicians. The increase in the number of baby boomers requiring more medical attention has also created the need for more he alth care professionals thus promoting the role of the nurse practitioner.In conclusion, it is this students belief that nurse practitioners are competent medical professionals who value disease prevention, wellness, and patient education. All nurse practitioners strive to provide thorough patient care regardless of the area of specialty they practice and will remain strong advocates for change and stability in Americas health care system. Nurse practitioners have the ability to change the landscape of modern medicine and will continue to meet these challenges presented before them to ensure the continued growth and development of the practice of the nurse practitioner.

Justice in V for Vendetta Essay

James Warren Pike Essay question How further and in what ways has a writer presented justice as an important concept? Refer in detail to any work of literature you pay studied. Justice is one of the fundamental principles upon which builds a nation. V for Vendetta conveys justice as fairness. V for Vendetta is a photographic film based on a graphic novel written by Alan Moore and David Lloyd in 1982. finished the plot and motifs presented in the film, we gain insights into the idea of justice. Several characters in the story bring the juxtaposing views of V? activeness, while V sets the conflict between fascism and anarchism.The director, James McTeigue leaves V? s act of justice in the film unjustified, and guides the audience to interpret it themselves. The opening scenes of the film accentuate justice through a voice over, this voiceover not only retells the history of Guy Fawkes, notwithstanding also sheds light onto the revisionism of V. V as the booster rocket in the fil m, is critical to the representation of justice, because the film portrays the definition of justice through V? s actions. The Guy Fawkes mask depicts the main adumbration of justice in the film.Guy Fawkes was involved in the pulverization Plot in 1605. The Gunpowder plot was a group of Catholics attempting to blow up the Houses of Parliament. V? s momentum in the film is to destroy the central criminal court, the gray Bailey. V wears a Guy Fawkes mask throughout the film, not only to hide his identity, but also to bequeath the idea of being a superhero to the audience. The Guy Fawkes mask is not a V? s privileged weapon. In the scenes of the Shadow Gallery, the spot of view shot of V wearing his mask gives the audience the feeling of wearing the masks themselves.V also shares the masks with the unexclusive and invites them to attend the 5th November protest. The mask is a representation of political justice. These scenes suggest to the audience that all people should have the right to dispute for political justice. This is also supported through the history allusion of the Gunpowder plot, where Guy Fawkes was brave enough to stand up against the authorities. The anonymous V attempts to annihilate the Norsefire dictatorship by killing several members of the party.James McTeigue illustrates the British government as fascist through the naming the different bodies of the government. The Eyes? are referred to the surveillance organizations, The Nose? to the detectives, The Mouth to the propaganda and The Finger to the fingermen. V kills The voice of London, Lewis Protherol. Protherol? s rant on V suggests to the public that no on escapes judgement, which is irony to himself getting killed after. On one hand, it was an act of personal justice, because Protherol was a commander in the Larkhill detention camp.On the other hand, Protherol was one the main propaganda creators, a part of The Mouth. The motif of fire strengthens the idea of justice in the scene s of Larkhill. This fire was first off introduced in the opening scenes of V. A fiery, sharp blaze swoops across the screen, drawing the letter of V?. The fire symbolizes destruction, anger, and also passion. The destruction was the violent acts V was firing to do, anger was V being tortured in Larkhill, passion was V enjoying the violent acts.V for Vendetta allows audience to justify the morality of V? action and to identify the British government as a functional institution. The story of Larkhill is told to the audience through the quest of unearthing V? s past. Detective Finch investigates Dr. Surridge? s journal and reveals to the audience how V was taught to obey orders through violence. The same way V pursues justice by killing people who were involved in the Larkhill detention camp. Through the voice of V, the speech given by V on British Televison Network further advocates the idea that all people should have the right to fight for political justice.V? s speech is also inv igorated through a piece of artwork he had in the shadow gallery A mirror with carved Latin words Vi Veri Vniversum Vivus Vici? This not only suits V? s love of words starting with the letter V, but also empowers the power of truth. V? s speech on British Television Network accuses the public of bowing down to the High Chancellor Sutler, allowing fear to be the government? s biggest weapon. V fought for fairness because he though People should not be afraid of their government, the government should be afraid of their people?V alleged the government of oppressing the people, and justice should be attained through the power of the people. This justice he is suggesting to the people is not violence, but is the power of the truth. V destroys the Old Bailey not only to get attention but also to prove to the public how vulnerable the government may be. Scenes on the roof with Evey, with the background medical specialty of parts of the 1812 Tchaiskovsky, suggest to the audience that V w as enjoying it and treated it as a musical performance. On the other hand, he broadcasted the music to the public through the public surveillance speakers.

Importance of Margins Essay

In the short strain In Praise of Margins Ian Frazier defines borderline people, places, or activities as the iodins that dont quite work step up (58 Frazier) since they be insufficient to meet the standards of the economic world. However, Frazier shows he values marginal activities and places because they allow people to be themselves without the worry and judgment. For Frazier and his friends, they viewed The woods (56 Frazier) as their place of margin Often times lodge deems marginal air to be unbeneficial, still Frazier states ..marginal behavior can be the most eventful kind.(58 Frazier) because all purpose-filled activity starts finish off as a margin. N one(a)theless, it is crucial for marginal things to exist as they provide galore(postnominal) benefits and play an important role in the world we live in today.Living in a society where we are constantly being told what to do , marginal activities are necessary because they can allow oneself to discover what ones tr ue passion is without any other influences. For example, in Annie Dillards Hitting Pay quarter she describes the time she received a microscope kit, as a Christmas present, which she played with constantly in her basement. In the beginning, Dillard is ineffective to use her microscope properly, but ultimately succeeds as she sees an amoeba. Excited about what she had discovered, she immediately runs upstairs to show her parents however, both of her parents are uninterested to what had seemed like ..a chance of a lifetime.(95 Dillard) to Dillard.As a result, she then begins to realize that every individual has their suffer pursuits and that you do what you do out of your private passion for the thing itself.(95 Dillard). Dillard explains that Her days and nights were her own to plan and fill.(96 Dillard) and her passions were her own and not her parents.In a world where everything is constantly evolving and expanding , margins are much necessitate as they are the sole reason that helps the world continue to progress. Frazier states that marginal behavior can be the most important kind.(Frazier 58) because it allows one to attempt new and different concepts without the needed approval of anyone else. In many a(prenominal) cases, ideas start off as marginal theories, but later on can be declare as something greater. Especially in a society where we demand things frequently, we often expect immediate results, thusly making marginality difficult to understand for many.For instance, Frazier uses the first person who decided to ride down a riding horse trail with his bicycle as an example of someone who started off thinking he was doing a emphatically marginal thing. (58 Frazier). However, this mountain bikers mere marginal idea has become a widely cognise sport across the nation. Ultimately, without marginal activity the world would be un adequate to(p) to grow margins are passing important as they keep life exciting and new.In the midst of everyday busy life, one is in need of marginal things every once in a while for the purpose of sanity. bare(a) things essentially allow one to relieve stress by escaping the continuous demands of society, thus enabling many to obtain a peaceful state of mind. Frazier defines marginal activities as a higher sort of un-purpose(57 Frazier) as marginal activities can be viewed as useless, and yet can mean so much to a each different individual.For example, Frazier and his friends find their marginal place in The woods(56 Frazier) since it was a location they were able to do senseless activities just for the sake of it. The woods was almost like a sanctuary to Frazier it was a place where he was able to escape from the judgments of the outside world and the pressure of impressing anyone else. In essence, taking a break from the daily norm with marginal things prevents individuals from going insane.Altogether, according to Frazier, marginal places and activities should be valued as they can provide nu merous benefits to not only society, but to oneself. Marginal things allow many to really find what their passion lies in, since marginal activities are not forced upon by any other influences. In addition, marginal behavior essentially keeps our world spinning as it brings new ideas that seem to have no purpose, but later on can bring something great.Lastly, often times, one is blinded by the mind-set that everything one does must have a purpose, therefore disabling one to realize the importance of marginal things as they keep us at peace. All in all, marginal things may seem worthless, but the only reason as to why they might be viewed in that sense is because of the perspective society views marginalactivities.

Huckleberry Finn: Sweet Home Mississippi

Christian Morganstern once explained, home plate is non where you live, but where you understand yourself (Morgenstern 1). The transcendentalist finds his home, and thereof himself, not in civilization, but in nature. In Mark Twains Adventures of huckleberry Finn, huck runs away from his civilized home to the multiple sclerosis River to seek refuge. Much like Thoreau going to Waldens pond to leakage the corruption of society, Huck finds comfort on the river. Only when he goes ashore does the peace and tranquility of the River get interrupted by batch and society.Ironically, they affect down the Mississippi toward the corrupt slave culture of the pre-Civil War South. The journey on the river symbolizes Hucks escape from the im chasteity of society into an idealistic, or utopian home on the raft where he can trail his own moral beliefs man the due south direction represents the ultimate inescapability of society. Although the Mighty Mississippi represents Hucks sanctuary, it i ronically propels Jim and him southward toward the very slave culture they be trying to escape.Resembling Marlows adventure on the Thames in Joseph Conrads The Heart of Darkness, the Mississippi transports Huck toward sliminess. While traveling into the Heart of Darkness, the air was glowering above Gravesend, and farther back pacify seemed condensed into mournful gloom, brooding motionless over (Conrad 1). Although the circumstances differ, the idea that they are traveling down hints that they are bound for hell or in the direction of evil. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the evil they are headed towards is slavery.As they travel down the river, the world around them becomes increasingly chaotic. In the antebellum South, Huck witnesses this disarray first cave in when Colonel Sherburn shoots Boggs. Sherburn explains to Huck that people in the South think they are braver than any other peoplewhereas theyre precisely AS brave, and no braver. Why dont juries hang murderer s? Because theyre afraid the mans friends will shoot them in the back, in the darkand its just what they WOULD do (Twain 149). This passage is Twain making a reference to the Ku Klux Klan.He vicariously speaks finished Sherburn, a Northerner, to convey with judgments of the corrupted South. As Huck travels further South, Twain However, as long as Huck and Jim stayed away from civilization, they were untouched by the evils of society. This suggests that maybe it is not the direction they are headed, but quite the people who lived upon the shores that are evil. As long as they stay on the raft, their own little lifeboat, Huck and Jim were untouched by the wickedness that dwelled around them.Thoreau, a Transcendental author, reinforces this reverence for nature when he explains that genius is not our foe, but an ally, not a dark force to be beaten back, but a marvelous force to be admired (Garner 1). Nature acted as a sanctuary for Huck, and he mat up more at home on the Mississipp i than with the unethical people of society. Whenever Huck leaves his raft, his symbolic Walden sanctuary, and came to shore, he ran was faced with the corruption of society. The first time this occurred is when they met the King and the Duke.Not long after, Huck realizes that these liars warnt no kings nor dukes, at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds, but puts up with them for Jims protection (Twain 128). These two men would put on shows and con people out of their money and then run away. As soon as Huck could, he planned on leaving them behind so Jim and he could go back to their halcyon times on the river. In addition, when floating down the river Huck is able to define his own moral philosophy away from the pressures of society.The river is not just an unknowing, unfeeling body of water, but becomes the catalyst to assist Huck with his moral growth. He learns that a sound heart is a surer guide than an ill-trained conscience and that he should listen himself and not th e ways of his more civilized elders (Hammond 3). Over the coarse of the novel, Huck finds a home and his morals while traveling down the Mississippi River. Although the people on the shores try to civilize and make him conform to their evil ways, he refuses because the river has become his asylum.

Us Constitution

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of confederacy failed to provide the United States with an effective government. It acted as though a loose confederation, or firm unify of friendship. The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that linked the thirteen states in common problems such(prenominal) as foreign affairs, and a judicial arm. Although, there was no executive branch, which meant no leader to oblige laws. Also, the Congress was weak (it was designed that way), and therefore the government could merely advocate and appeal.The United States faced dickens main problems the lack of the central governments power, and its softness to collect and/or create revenue. distributively state was in fact non very coherent with the central government. Nor were the states coherent with to each one other. The states possess more get word than the central government, as the Articles of Confederation forbade the government to command, coerce, or control. It could non act promptly upon the individual citizens of sovereign states. Also, the government could only recommend laws, taxes, and other pieces of legislation to a state.Most often, when the government advocated for a law to be passed in a certain state, the state would reject the recommendation, like Rhode Island had done in 1782 (Doc. A). Moreover, the central government had no power to regulate commerce. This is due to how reluctant the states were to hand over control of taxation and commerce, after they had just won it from Great Britain. Without a central power to control these both aspects of the economy, the states were free to establish different, and often conflicting laws regarding tariffs and navigation. This led states to become only farther apart from each other, rather than more unified.Additionally, despite the weak, unsuccessful government, to make any change to the Articles of Confederation required self-coloured ratification. Unanimity was near impossible, meaning that the Articles could never be amended. With a government this weak, people would lose self-confidence in it, and wont realize the benefit of the liberty they won from the British (Doc. G). Next, the Articles of Confederation failed to permit the central government to collect revenue. In addition to the central government already being weak, it could not effectively collect taxes.Congress, dealing with a large war debt, could not even pay its confess soldiers their promised money (Doc. C). Congress needed approximately form of revenue to get out of debt, so it open up a tax quota for each of the states. It then asked each of them to contribute to their share on a self-imposed basis. The government, lacking a president (executive branch), had no way to enforce this tax. Congress was lucky if they received fourth part of their desired tax amount. Furthermore, Congress could not tax trade or any commerce as for they did not set the regulations for it.Despite not fully paying nati onal taxes, states still scrambled to get money, and some ended up having to foreclose farms of debtors. Events like this in Massachusetts (along with the high taxes issued by the state), caused Shayss Rebellion. This was occurred when a group of debtors demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. Even though the sedition was crushed, it was a sign that in order for the United States to survive, a new constitution with a stronger federal government must be created.With a government so weak and ineffective, it is clear that the United States could not survive without a new constitution. This is evident through the lack of the central governments power, and its inability to generate revenue. As time went by, more and more people began to realize this, which soon began the pursuit of the U. S. Constitution. Therefore, it is diaphanous that from 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation did not provide the United States with an effective government. (American Pageant was textbook used)