Racial Profiling In Canada Criminology Essay

Racial Profiling In Canada Criminology Essay The public and the police encounters are challenged and stressful events. As a multicultural nation, Canada protects its core values such as the freedom from discrimination and arbitrary. However, activities like the investigation by the law-enforcement officials may make people vulnerable leading to allegation of racial profiling (Sean Kevin, 2006). Yet, the community widely recognizes the intelligence-law as a desirable matter of practice. With this regards, the police are encouraged to use criminal intelligence to eliminate the egalitarian ideals making the citizenry proud (Sean Kevin, 2006). A few years ago, the weight and height criterion on police officers recruitment and the training requirements were guided by physical strength and physiques, and their effectiveness at work rather than the color of the skin. Nonetheless, there are people who think that the skin color, non-legally relevant behavior, clothing can make them subject to unwanted treatments and if it comes from t he police it may qualify to be an infringement. The sense of the infringement in itself can escalate a response. Of course, some policies may lead to racial discrimination without any intention of racism. After careful consideration of Toronto Star investigative journalism report and a few other studies one should conclude that the Canadian Police Force have allegedly engaged in Racial Profiling, thereby demonstrating the negative effect on the public perception of police legitimacy. The Problem Canadian policing in terms of its affect on the publics perception of police legitimacy is a debate whose heart lies on the role of the police. The Canadian Police Force also bears the largest part to the responsibility of racial profiling (Melchers, 2006). In some instances, the police contacts with the public leave the sensitive members of the public bewildered. The quality of the police- public interaction has been intensified by the anti-racial profiling accusations. There are no new facts in the neologism racial profiling since there is a long history of biased policing in the findings and reported accusations. Racial profiling has garnered the attention of the media and public and thus the expression that the old wine is pouring into new bottles reinvigorating the problem. The Toronto Star articles Race and Crime The Toronto Star on October 19 2009 started publishing Race and Crime as series of articles that revolved around the theme of racial profiling. Justice is different for blacks and whites, Police target black drivers, and Blacks are targeted by Toronto police are treated harshly than whites are some of the singled out 2002 articles (Melchers, 2003). These subsequent stories claimed that the Toronto police were connected with racial profiling. The Star defined these acts of stopping people as the practice of stopping people for little reason other than their skin colour. The publication of the interviews with the black community leaders and advocates confirmed the presumption concerning reported charges of racial profiling and articulation of Scott Wortley, a Toronto criminologist (Melchers, 2006). The police representative responded to these acquisitions rejecting that they were singling out the black community. Alan Gold, a prominent lawyer and Edward Harvey a University of Toronto s ociologists were commissioned to conduct the Star independent review analysis by the Toronto Police Service. After their investigation the commission made a conclusion that what the Star analysis was Junk science and that the articles were completely unjustified, irresponsible and bogus slurs (Melchers, 2006). Additionally, the police union on behalf of its 7,200 members filed a $2.7 billion libel suit. To refute or support these claims judges, police officials, and attoneys further weighed to establish concrate contoversial statements. The Stars reported on police racial profiling after analyizing the Toronto Polices Criminal Information Processing System (CIPS) arrest data accessed by the Stars invetigative journalist team. The team was supervised by Dr. Michael Friendly, a director of York University Institute consulting service. The database that was analyzed constisted of more than 400,000 incidents involving arrests or tickets (Melchers, 2006). The identification information w as not included to protect the identity of individuals. Information identifying the incidence of arrest, charged or ticketed in broad category included other attributes such as gender, age, skin colour, the resideny status, and immigation. The data also included limited information housed in the CPIC such as the criminal histories of individuals, conditional release status, previous convictions, probation orders, and bail status (Melchers, 2003). Some of the police-recorded data in various instance was either missing or overrepesented. For instance, the least serious offenses were underreported and the more serious offences and known offenders were over-represented. Notice the CPIC only records information on police actions and incidences included information on arrest, ticket or charged persons. The main purpose of CIPS is to provide relevant information in the subsequent stages of the process of criminal justice. With this regards, no subsequent action can be taken on the recorded information if incomplete, the Star investigative journalist team faced this predicament in the course of their investigation. The Evaluation Over the past few years, the Toronto Star investigative report on Canadian police on racial profiling has attracted considerable attention. Canadian newspaper report on police racial profiling is practice that been highly politicized since the 70s (Melchers, 2003). For instance an earlier report conducted by the Royal Commission in 1992 on Donald Marshal indicated that nearly two-thirds of the total respondents felt that the police were discriminating the Canadian-African community. In reference to the interview with the Black Caribbean-Canadians who lived in Toronto City, Henry (1994) articulates that the police-public relations are filed with racial mistrust and suspicion practices (14). James (1998) also concludes in his examination that the encounters that the Black youth have with the police are characterized by harassment, suspicion, homogenization, and stereotyping which are indicative to police attitudes toward the Black youth (134). In other study conducted by Tanner and Wor tley (2002), the research approximated that more than 3,400 Black students in Torontos high schools attested having been stopped and questioned by police twice or more in a span of one year (369). They also claimed that they were subjected to physical searches. For the sake of this illustration, a keen interest must be developed on the articles that the Toronto Star initiated under the series race and crime with the claim that the Police Force of Toronto were engaging in racial profiling. The claims asserted the Black Torontonians were detained and treated worse than their White counterparts (Melchers, 2003). The citizens and the community leaders took the Stars report as a justification stating that racial profiling is an endemic in the crime and judicial system. The Star article series analyzed two independent data sets for two explicit reasons. First, there are the out-of-sight driving offenses where the driver is stopped without apparent reasons used in the assessment of the various patterns of traffic stops. Second, data sets pertaining to simple drug offenses were used in the assessment of the disparity of treatment of both Black and White drivers. In regard to the analysis of out-of-sight, the Star reported that from 19996 through to 2001, 4,696 out-of-sight offenses with noted skin colour were recorded identifying 33.6% of these as Black (Melchers, 2006). In comparison to the 1996 Canadian census, only 8.1% of Torontos total population was identified as Black therefore the Star reached to a conclusion that racial profiling existed. On the drug offenses, the Star investigative team examined more than 10,000 police depositions of the charged persons. For those involved, 23.6% were Black drivers and 63.8% involved the White counterparts, whereas the 76.5% of the latter were later released at the scene compared to the formers 61.8%. During the same period, 15.3% of the Black drivers were held for bail hearing as compared to the 7.3% of the White drivers (Melchers, 2006). The evidence was clear that the police treat Black Canadian worse than their White counterparts. Racial Profiling in Canadian courts The ambiguity of the phrase racial profiling has found itself favoured in the Canadian Courts. The jurisprudential term articulable cause in Canada equates to lack of reasonable grounds in the U.S., which is regarded as de jure evidence concerning racial profiling even when specific evidence on racial biasness is missing. Such an asymmetry has emerged as a consequence that has affected how the legal rights in regards to the ways the police powers are treated when applying the power of search, investigative detention, and seizure. This form of asymmetry makes the enforcement of law and public safety more difficult when it comes to the members of visible minority threatening to endanger their security, in the midst empowering criminal organizations (Melchers, 2006). There is a growing reception in the courts, the public, and the media on racial profiling allegations whose basis might be evidentiary weak or not completely fabricated. The two most cited sources of claims in Canadian expe rience are the Toronto Star investigative journalism report on race and crime conducted in year 2002 and the recently conducted data collection by Scot Wortley commissioned by Kingston Police Service. The two experiences are still undergoing peer reviews though they continue to circulate as grey literature. Today the two studies suffer from acute methodological problems and the research community have a consensuses view that the two are junk science. Subsequently, if any police work lack sufficient grounds or articulable cause then these cases are submitted as racial profiling when the subject of these actions is from a visible minority community. When the subject stopped by the police present physical and visible characteristics that may evoke stereotyping and the findings of the court report that the police were deficient and unlawfully detained the subject then the court can submit statements supporting the presence of racial profiling. The ant-profiling advocates have made suggestions that all police stops of the visible minority population including those at the street stops of pedestrians be taken as presumptively forms of detention of a higher standards. Many have argued that such a differential standard is crucial because it recognizes how the visible minority perceive things differently from others specifically when they relate with the police. Under looking the developments are advocates whose intentions are to drive an intermediary between the law enforcement authorities and the visible minorities which perhaps unknowingly can further the notion that the police are antagonistic and unsympathetic to the visible minorities. Fighting Racial Profiling In the law enforcement, the issue of racial profiling has purported systemic and widespread biasness. This issue in the public debate has a staying power which requires immediate response from the investigative authorities, the police, and other parties in the criminal justice system (Melchers, 2006). The culture of racial profiling can be dangerous to the public safety and the social cohesion. Furthermore, it has became clear that the conventional accountability mechanisms such as clear polices working in opposition to discrimination and biasness are no longer seen as sufficient as they used to be. Perhaps Stars article series were the eye opener depicting the intractable problems that still permeates the Canadian criminal and Judiciary system. Yet, the racial profiling in other countries such as the U.S. has added much heat and no enlightenment to the debate. Some of the effective tools that can control and suppress the perception of racial profiling policing are the establishing t ask forces that involve the community leaders, disciplinary policies, public statements, training, and written policies that work against racial profiling. These mitigation techniques are rather debatable than costly compared to the difficult flawed collection of evidence that can sometime contradict or even support positive-negative views. Conclusion In todays conformist age, it is very tempting for the progressives to be content with victories such as the official knowledge of Canadian racial profiling. Nonetheless, the realization that the government agencies such as the police force are operating in non-transgressive universe of meaning whose value on acknowledgement concerning issues of social justice are characterized by omissions, distortions and qualifications can lower these temptations (Melchers, 2006). The Stars series articles presented police racial profiling as ubiquitous and dysfunctional producing a report that was more cautious than crucial and more befuddling than enlightening and hence the title of these articles. Significantly, this paper has addressed the specific topic about Canadian policing in terms of its affect on the publics perception and the police legitimacy concerning racial profiling. The paper also presented general arguments about Canada, the presently constituted policies in courts, and the lack of guarantees to substantive anti-racism. It now goes without saying that appeasing measures such as training, establishing task forces that involve the community leaders, disciplinary policies, and public statements can help fight the problem of racial profiling. If these methods are followed, Canada can mollify the effect of racial profiling, lower political costs, and fuel the progressive transformation of major institutions such as the police force. From the point of view Stars investigative journalism report and other studies on race and racism, it is clear that the best racial policy is the one that provide appearance of change without a changing of the status quo.

The Structure and Function of Cells

The Structure and Function of Cells EUKARYOTIC CELL DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION: A. CELL MEMBRANE AND THE FUNCTIONS: CELL MEMBRANE Also called the plasma membrane gives mechanical strength to the cell. Its unique structure enables itself to serve as molecular traffic regulator. It is 5 up to 10 um in thickness. It also exhibits fluid mosaic nature, seal itsef if broken. B. THE CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGANELLES CYTOPLASM A mass of jelly-like material that is somewhat grayish or colorless, translucent and viscous It can change from semi solid to semi liquid. C. CELL ORGANELLES ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) is the transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that will float freely in the cytoplasm. ER has two forms: the rough ER and the smooth ER. RIBOSOMES The ribosome is a large complex composed of many molecules, including RNAs and proteins, and is responsible for processing the genetic instructions carried by an mRNA. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or sometimes bind to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum MITOCHONDRIA are self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria have two functionally distinct membrane systems separated by a space: the outer membrane, which surrounds the whole organelle; and the inner membrane, which is thrown into folds or shelves that project inward. These inward folds are called cristae. Mitochondria play a critical role in generating energy in the eukaryotic cell, and this process involves a number of complex pathways GOLGI BODIES OR GOLGI APPARATUS (also called the golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for export from the cell. LYSOSOMES are often referred to as the garbage disposal system of a cell. digest foreign bacteria that invade a cell. helping to recycle receptor proteins and other membrane components and degrading worn out organelles such as mitochondria. Lysosomes can even help repair damage to the plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch, sealing the wound. MICROBODIES Variety of organelles similar to lysosome but contains different enzymes. One of these is the glyxoxysomes present in some plant, another is peroxisomes which contain powerful oxidative enzymes. CYTOSKELETON Microtubules that provide support to the internal system of cell thus, it provides support and shape. Also provides pathways for certain cellular molecules to move. VACUOLES Membrane- bound, fluid- filled spaces found in both animal and plant cell but bigger in plant cell. The vacuolar membrane is also called tonoplast and they contain liquid cell sap. MICROFILAMENTS Are long thread like extremely thin filaments first seen in skeletal muscle cells that gives the cell a striped appearance. CENTRIOLES Small dark bodies located just outside the nucleus of most animal cells. They are cylindrical structures and two of them lie close together. Associated in the spindle fibers of dividing animal cells. PLASTIDS Are cytoplasmic orhanelles found in cells of most plants. NUCLEUS It houses the cells chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleus is spheroid in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear envelope. CELL WALL a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure. cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant. CHLOROPLASTS are similar to mitochondria but are found only in plants. Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into ATP through a process called photosynthesis. CENTROSOME (also called the microtubule organizing center) a small body located near the nucleus it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. GRANUM (plural grana) A stack of thylakoid disks within the chloroplast is called a granum. NUCLEOLUS an organelle within the nucleus it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL Basis of Comparison Plant cells Animal cells 1. plasma membrane present Present 2. Cell wall present Absent 3. Lysosome Absent Present 4. Plastids Present Absent 5. Vacuoles Small but many Large but fewer 6. Chloroplast present Absent PROKARYOTIC CELL A TYPICAL BACTERIAL CELL DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION: 1. NUCLEOID a nuclear region where the chromosomal matter is found. DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this central region. Though it isnt bounded by a membrane, it is visibly distinct from the rest of the cell interior. Prokaryotic cells genome usually consists of a single, large, circular DNA molecule 2. RIBOSOMES give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs. Though smaller than the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells, these inclusions have a similar function in translating the genetic message in messenger RNA into the production of peptide sequences. 3. VESICLES relatively small and enclosed compartments, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. If they have only one lipid bilayer, they are called unilamellar vesicles; otherwise they are called multilamellar. 4. CAPSULE a layer of polysaccharide (sometimes proteins) that protects the bacterial cell and is often associated with pathogenic bacteria because it serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells. 5. CELL WALL is composed of peptidoglycan (polysaccharides + protein), the cell wall maintains the overall shape of a bacterial cell. The three primary shapes in bacteria are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral). Mycoplasma are bacteria that have no cell wall and therefore have no definite shape. 6. PLASMA MEMBRANE is a lipid bilayer much like the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane of other cells. There are numerous proteins moving within or upon this layer that are primarily responsible for transport of ions, nutrients and waste across the membrane. 7. PILI are hollow, hairlike structures made of protein allow bacteria to attach to other cells. A specialized pilus, the sex pilus, allows the transfer from one bacterial cell to another. Pili (sing., pilus) are also called fimbriae (sing., fimbria). 8. FLAGELLA The purpose of flagella (sing., flagellum) is motility. Flagella are long appendages which rotate by means of a motor located just under the cytoplasmic membrane. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL Basis of Comparison Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic Cell 1. Nuclear Membrane Absent Present 2. Chromosomes Single Multiple 3. ER Absent Present 4. Golgi apparatus Absent Present 5. Lysosomes Absent Present 6. Mitochondria Absent Present 7. Ribosome Small Large

Alcoholics Should NOT Be Eligible to Receive Organ Transplants Essay

In modern medicine, we have the ability to transplant organs from one person to another, with the hopes that this will greatly improve the length and quality of life for the patient receiving the transplant. Ten years ago, there were 53,167 people on the transplant list. By the beginning of 2015, the list increased to over 123,000 people waiting for that miracle call stating that they found a match and the transplant can now happen. One reason for the increase in people on the list is that people in the age group between 50-70 years old are now considered to be viable candidates for transplant due to medical advances. However, by December, 2014, twenty-one people were dying each day while waiting for a transplant. (Benjamin Samstein, 2015) This brings us to a question, should an alcoholic who had previously been lucky enough to have a liver transplant, be allowed to get another liver transplant after he let his alcoholism ruin another liver? When someone is in need of a transplant, there are several factors that are looked at in deciding whether or not the patient will be placed on the transplant list. Patients receive points for medical need, tissue type and time on the waiting list. Doctors then use a computer algorithm to decide who gets the organs available. Typically, one’s overall health, age, ability to comply with the regimen of anti-rejection drugs and a strong support system also comes into the decision process as well. Geographical location of the donor organ is also very important in the decision making process. (Whitford, 2005) Due to the shortage of organs, not all on the list get the organs they need. If people would get past their fears with regards to stem cell research, we could grow perfectly viable h... ...n to respect our bodies as the temples that they are. Use the medicine for when things happen that we can not control, not for when we lose control. Works Cited Abhinandana Anantharaju, M. D. (n.d.). Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver disease. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. www.pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publicationarh27-3/257-269.htm Benjamin Samstein, M. (2015). Bottom Line's Daily health news. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. www.botomlinesecrets.com/articvle.html?article_id=48034 Kluge, E. (2004). Ethics of Organ Transplantation. Canadian Medcial Association Journal . Perry, D. D. Ethical Conmsideration in organ transplants. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. home.eathlink.net/~davidlperry/organs.htm. Whitford, B. (2005, 11 28). Who gets the organs. Newsweek. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. www.newsweek.com/2005/11/27/who-gets-the-organs.html

Susan Glaspells Trifles - Some Observations :: Trifles Essays

Trifles I would like to make three major points. Major #1: Since this is the first play we’ve read, the stage direction really caught my eye and I tended to consider it very seriously in determining the meaning of the work. The most obvious direction, which the essay by Parrish discusses, is that neither Mr. nor Mrs. Wright ever appear in the play, and Glaspell was the first to use this type of direction (which was later recognized as uniquely her own.) Other important examples of the play’s direction (not spoken lines) are: ( ... she is disturbed now and looks fearfully about as she enters.) (Stops, his face twitches.) In a manner of returning to familiar things.) Glaspell uses this direction several times. (Silence; then as if struck by a happy thought and relieved to get back to everyday things.) (Mrs. Hale glances in a covert way at Mrs. Peters.) (Pulling herself back.) this is an emotional direction, not a physical one Glaspell’s decision to present "Trifles" as a play instead of its short story original form (titled :"A Jury of Her Peers) gives the reader an opportunity to "see" the action better than usual, and therefore get a clearer understanding of the author’s meaning. Major #2: What is the significance of "preserves?" I see the literal meaning, but what is Glaspell saying about a woman’s act of preserving things? The action in the play keeps going back to this jar of preserves (example: if the jar gets too cold, it breaks; preserves make a sticky mess; they don’t want to let Minnie know the jars broke and are not preserved.) Major #3: Does anyone know about quilting? I’m looking for more specific information on knotting vs. quilting? I think Glaspell is using this craft (and it is a way of expression like writing and painting) very subtly to get her message across, but I don't have enough information to see it, although I do see the significance of knotting and the knot around Mr. Wright’s neck that killed him. Can anyone help? Parrish writes in her essay that Glaspell wrote and produced many plays, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1931. It is interesting and meaningful to read drama because it finds yet another way for women to find and express their voices. Parrish states that Glaspell’s writing focused on women’s "desire for equality and acknowledgement in a "man’s world.

John Dryden Essay -- essays research papers fc

Quarrel of the Moderns and the Ancients â€Å"Those beauties of the French poesy are such as will raise perfection higher where it is, but are not sufficient to give it where it is not: they are indeed the beauties of a statue but not of a man† (Poesy Abridged). Dryden wrote this essay as a dramatic dialogue with four characters representing four critical positions. The four critical positions are ancients verses moderns, unities, French verses English drama, separation of tragedy and comedy verses tragicomedy and appropriateness of rhyme in drama (Brysons). Neander is in favor of the moderns but he respects the ancients, he also favors English drama while having critical views towards French drama. In â€Å"An Essay of Dramatic Poesy† Dryden used character to represent four critical positions, but he cleverly disguised himself as one of them Throughout Dryden’s â€Å"An Essay of Dramatic Poesy† Neander is believed to represent Dryden’s point of view on the different critical issues discu ssed. Living from 1631 to 1700 John Dryden was the leading literary figure of the Restoration (â€Å"John Dryden† Encarta). Dryden was an accomplished poet, playwright and critic. Speaking English, Latin and Greek Dryden was also a successful translator. Writing â€Å"Heroic Stanzas,† a poem commemorating the death of Cromwell, Dryden secured a place in London’s literary circles. After converting to Christianity under the Christian rule of James II, Dryden was appointed poet laureate where he later lost the title ...

An Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Essay

Procedure Part I – Qualitative Analysis of Group 2 Elements Mix 0.02M K2CrO4 with each Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 instead of 0.02M K2CrO4 together with the same reactants used before. Thirdly, mix 0.1M Na2SO4 with those reactants. Then, mix 0.1M NaOH with the same reactants used before again. Some precipitates should forms ,record the observations in Table 1. At last, identify those two unknown solution. Part II- Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions First mix 1M HNO3 with each Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaI together. Repeat these steps by placing 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 instead of 1M HNO3. Then mix 1M HNO3 for the reactants that formed precipitates. Repeat the first step by placing 0.1M AgNO3 instead of 1M HNO3. Then add 6M NH3 to those mixtures that contains precipitates in, and 1M HNO3 the mixtures contains precipitates . Using these observation, identify an unknown union. Recording all the observations in Table 2. 3. State the identity of your unknown (along with its sample number). Give the reasoning you used to arrive at this conclusion. The Unknown Z should be SO42- because it has a same property as SO42- does. When SO42- is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt; for the unknown anion, when it is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt as well. When HNO3 is added to BaSO4, the ppt disappeared; for the unknown anion, when HNO3 is added to unknown, the ppt disappeared too, therefore we can conclude that the unknown is SO42-. Follow-Up Questions: 1. Devise a sequence of reactions to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates) to identify an unknown containing two or more cations of Group 2 elements. The Group 2 elements are Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. To identify an unknown containing two or more cations of Group 2 elements, first add CrO4 into the solution. Then we could identify them with their colour. Next we add C2O4, if the ppt is formed, then we know Ca2+ is involved in the solution. Next we add OH into the solution, if a ppt formed, that means Mg2+ is involved in the solution. 2.Devise a sequence of reaction to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates)to identify an unknown consisting of two or more of two or more of the anions tested in Part 2. The anions are CO32-,SO42-,Cl-,I-.To identify an unknown consisting of two or more anions in Part 2.First add HNO3 into solution. Then we could identify them with the observations. Then we add Ba(NO3)2,if ppt formed, then we know that CO32-is involved in the solution. Next we add HNO3 into the solution, if ppt formed, that means SO42- is involved I the solution. 3. Why are the reagents used to test for cations usually alkali metal salts or ammonium salts rather than salts of other metals? The reagents used to test for cations usually alkali metal salt or ammonium salts rather than salts of other metals because the alkali metal is soluble with most anions. It won’t form a ppt with other anions. These reagents will prevent any side reaction from occurring in the solution. 4. Why are the reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of the  cation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation? The reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of the cation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation because the nitrate is soluble with almost every cation. 5.For fast and accurate identification of substances, major research or testing laboratories now use very sophisticated (and expensive )equipment. Find out the name of one of the instruments now used for analysis, and briefly describe its method of operation. Use glass pane. When we do the lab, we make a table on the paper, then put the glass pane on the paper sheet. After that, we only drop one or two drops of each chemical. On the glass pane. It’s easier to observe the color of ppt because the glass is transparent and it’s also a economic way. Conclusion: In this lab, we carry out precipitation test of four cations and four anions, and use the observations to identify two unknowns. First we mix Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ with K2CrO4, and observed that Sr2+ and Ba2+ forms a ppt. Then when we mix (NH4)2C2O4 instead of K2CrO4, we observed that all of the cations forms a ppt except for Mg2+. Next, we did the same thing by using Na2SO4 and NaOH instead of (NH4)2C2O4 . Lastly, we examined unknown B and found that it has the same chemical properties with Ca2+. So we conclude that the unknown substance should be Ca2+. In part II, we mix CO32-, SO42-, Cl-, and I- with HNO3 to each of the test tube and notice no ppt formed. Secondly, we mix Ba(NO3)2 instead of HNO3 with the anions, and we observed that CO32- and SO42- forms a ppt. Then we add HNO3 to the ones that formed ppt, and the ppt disappeared. Next, we mix AgNO3 instead of Ba(NO3)2 with the anions, and observed ppt formed with all of the anions except for SO42-. After that, we added HNO3 and NH3 separately to the anions and we observed no change in SO42-, but the precipitates that formed in CO32-, Cl-, and I- disappeared. And there is a ppt formed when NH3 is added to SO42-, and the other ones’ precipitates turns to a lighter ppt. By  using these observations, we found out the unknown ion contains the same chemical properties as SO42-. And if two ions are soluble to each other, there will be no ppt formed. If two ions are not soluble to each other, there will be a ppt formed.

Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the Europeans in America 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities of small family farms A homogeneous world compared to most southern colonies 2. Anglicans built plantations along the coast Where they lorded over a labor force of black slaves Looked down upon the poor white farmers who settled the backcountry 3. Diversity reigned in middle colonies Well-to-do merchants put their stamp on New York City In the countryside sprawling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over economic Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious practices 5. All the clashes made it difficult for colonists to imagine that they were a single people with a common density c) General issues that led colonists to rebel against Brittany 1. The stable arrangement between the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of the Imperial rivalry between France and Br ittany 2. Once the French were driven from the North American continent, the colonists no longer needed the British for protection 3.The British government made the choice of imposing taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their win colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial authority to a head II. The Shaping of North America: Major geographical features and the importance of the Great Ice Age a) The Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges – â€Å"American Mountains† b) The continent was anchored In its Northeastern corner by the massive Canadian Shield c) The â€Å"tidewater† region creased by many river valleys. Loped gently upward to the timeworn ridges of the Appalachians d) â€Å"Roof of America† – the land fell off Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the Willamette- Peugeot Sound tr ough seamed the Interiors of present-day California, Oregon, and Washington f) When the glaciers finally retreated, they left the North American landscape transformed g) The weight of the ice mantle had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had scoured away the shield's topsoil, pitting its rocky surface with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) Deprived of both Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a gradually shrinking Inland sea. It grew Increasingly saline, slowly evaporated, and left an arid, mineral-rich desert Ill. Peopling the FIFO a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some Early peoples may have reached the Americas in crude boats but most probably came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America 3. Probably following migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters b) Evidence th at Indians of Central and South America were advanced 1 . Over the centuries they split into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 separate languages, and developed many diverse religions, cultures, and ways of life 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, based primarily on the cultivation of maize 3. These peoples built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly accurate astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by offering human sacrifices Cutting out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were often captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than six hundred interconnected rooms c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible â€Å"three-sister† farming, with beans grow ing on the trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest population densities on the continent d) In the northeastern woodlands, the Iroquois Confederacy plopped the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The native peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements f) Women tended to the crops, while men hunted, fished, gathered fuel, and cleared fields for planting g) The Native Americans had neither the desire nor the means to manipulate nature aggressively, they revered the physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties V. Indirect Discoverers of the New World a) Probably the first Europeans to â€Å"discover† America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers room Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America – however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, supported these venturesome voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their discovery was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders – European warriors who indirectly discovered America because of Rupee's craving for exotic goods VI.Europeans Enter Africa – Setting the Stage for the â€Å"Discovery' of America a) Marco Polo: an Italian adventurer; he must be regarded as an indirect discoverer of he New World, for his book, with its description of rose- tinted pearls and golden pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese not only developed the caravel, but they had discovered that they could return to Europe by sailing northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing westward breezes would carry them home c) The participants of the earliest African slave trade were Arab flesh merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately separated persons from the same rib's and mixed unlike people together to frustrate organized resistance d) Portuguese: they built their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar 1. Bartholomew Aids rounded the southernmost tip of the â€Å"Dark Continent† 2. Vases dad Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI'.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a modern national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and power to shoulder the formidable tasks of discovery, conquest, and colonization b) The renaissance in the fourteenth century nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND adventure – printing presses facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge. The mariner's compass eliminated some of the uncertainties odd sea travel c) Columbus' voyages to America 1. Where in America? – An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a â€Å"successful failure† because when seeking a new water rou te to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean pathway d) Columbus' discovery convulsed four continents: Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and interdependent global economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide: â€Å"Columbian Exchange† a) Europeans found iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes – eventually revolutionized the international economy as well as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies – the Native Americans adopted the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria to the New World, which would quickly devastate the Native Ame ricans. The disease syphilis was brought to the Old World. This had injected the sexually transmitted disease into Europe for the first time. ‘X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas – divided the â€Å"heathen lands† of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) Important Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from Arizona to Kansas, while discovering the Grand Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and crossed the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was transformed – it led to more money in Europe which led to the spread of commerce and manufacturing d) Encomia system – it allowed the governmen t to â€Å"commend† or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes' incentive was that he only wanted gold c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) Ethnocentric – it amazed the Spanish because of how large and beautiful it was: with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles; it was surrounded floating gardens odd extraordinary beauty e) Enoch Tries: (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, bloody retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec: 1. – : Native population of Mexico decreased rapidly due to disease 2. +: Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz – the birthday off wholly new race of people X'.Spanish Conquistadors (â€Å"Makers of Americ a†) a) Conquistadores were nobles – about half were professional soldiers and sailors; the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) Personal motives – some wanted royal titles and favors, others wanted to ensure God's favor, some hoped to escape dubious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses; this helped them overpower the Indians d) Most conquistadores did not strike it rich because even if an expedition captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest – the â€Å"new race† formed a cultural and a biological bridge between Latin America's European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent John Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the intention of protection, the Spanish began to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the Battle of Coma in 1599, the Spanish severed one foot of each survivor e) During the Pope's Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) Father Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions g) The â€Å"Black Legend† – means killing for Christ: the authors describe it as a false concept. They say that despite the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.