Realism And Grotesque In Gullivers Travels English Literature Essay

Realism And Grotesque In Gullivers Travels English Literature EssayGullivers Travels is a pivotal shit in the history of the novel as it exhibits the ways the novel inherits and develops Menippean satire and tremendous esthetics. Gullivers Travels has r arly been regarded as a proper early novel homogeneous Robinson Crusoe or Pamela largely due to dickens formulaic understandings of literary genre and aesthetics. The first common understanding is that the novel and Menippean satire are mutually exclusive genres. Critics hold back turned to Menippean satire as if to argue that the genre of Gullivers Travels is kind of a prose fiction that is not the novel. Northrop Frye, for instance, begins his discussion of Gullivers Travels by mentioning that most people would call Gullivers Travels fiction only if not a novel. It must whence be another form of fiction, i.e. Menippean satire (308). In turn, critics who claim Gullivers Travels as a novel tend to ignore the Menippean tradi tion of the work Maximillian Novak asserts that once we distribute Gullivers Travels as a work of fiction, we cannot shunt it off into a inculpateingless category such as anatomy or Menippean satire, in his reading of the work as a picaresque novel(35). The second conventional idea is that the grotesque and realism are as well two disparate aesthetic realms, and that grotesque aesthetics in Gullivers Travels- from its use of the raging, metamorphosis, or the mad man theme to its excremental vision-does not fit into the realistic aesthetic of the novel. The seeming generic instability of Gullivers Travels mostly derives from our preconceive notion of the novel as a genre of probable realism with verisimilar characters and plausible plots. In fact, even the most acute critics of lively are not entirely free from this prevalent given notion of what the novel should be. Brean Hammond, who appropriates Bakhtins patternion of novelization to explain the cultural shifts of the long e ighteenth century toward a hybridization that breaks down traditionally observed generic boundaries, surprisingly turns to a conventional notion of the novel when he argues that Gullivers Travels is not a novel give care Robinson Crusoe set offly because Gulliver is not a character care Crusoe, a character who is a credible approximation of a human be,-i.e. a verisimilar character-but a device that can be exploited for satiric purposes(250, 270). Hammond is right that Gullivers Travels is ideologically opposed to the set of attitudes and beliefs that was fuelling the development of the novel as a genre part of the intention of the work lies in the parody of Robinson Crusoe or the stuff of 1720s romanceby Haywood, as he remarks(270). That does not mean, however, that Gullivers Travels is not a novel. Swift might have mean his Menippean work partly as a Scriblerian satire that attacks modern hack writings. Paradoxically, or according to the process of novelization, however, Gulli vers Travels turned out to be a substantive addition to the novelistic tradition the novelistic energies that Swift despised and denigrated boomeranged and informed his satire, and transformed it into a novel. Gullivers Travels is not exhaustively explained by our conventional notion of the novel, but it does not mean that it is not a novel. Rather, Swifts work characteristically challenges our common notion of the novel, and reveals the rich tradition of Menippean satire that is absorbed in the novel.In a similar vein, the grotesque aesthetics of Gullivers Travels belies our confined notion of realism, or realistic aesthetics. It manifests that (novelistic) realism is not limited to probable realism, a mixture of empirical episteme and the modern transformation of unblemished mimetic aesthetics, but too involves low realism-crudely put, an antonym of idealism or classicism. At a superficial aim, the grotesque and realism could look like two separate or almost opposite notions. Geoffrey Harpham and Mikhail Bakhtin, however, illustrate that the grotesque and realism are compatible notions at a fundamental level, and that the history of the grotesque is also the history of the recognition of that compatibility. Harpham provides a useful account of the shift of the notion of the relation between the grotesque and realism. According to him, while the rebirth regarded grottesche as unclouded fantasy, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries we find the grotesque associated with caricature in.. .Rowlandson, Hogarth, Goya, most of whom we would not associate with violent art, and by the beginning of the twentieth century.. .Thomas Mann commented.. .that the grotesque was properly something more than than the truth, something real in the extreme. According to this narrative, the history of the grotesque is a gradual recognition of the fundamentally realistic characteristic of the Grotesque, which is distinct from the mimetic realism of the guileless (xviii -xix). Bakhtin offers another powerful narrative on the history of the grotesque, or the intricate relation of the grotesque and realism. The grotesque and realism are almost synonymous for Bakhtin, as is epitomized in his core term of grotesque realism. Grotesque realism, which lowers all that is high, spiritual, ideal, abstract and is opposed to severance from the material and corporeal roots of the world, is culminated in the literature of the spiritual rebirth after the medieval culture of folk humor(19-20, 32). As starkly opposed to classical aesthetics, grotesque realism is closely linked to some other fundamental concepts of Bakhtin, like the carnival spirit, the material bodily principle, folk humor, or the ambivalent and regenerating laughter of the people. Bakhtin also historicizes the concept of the grotesque, confining grotesque realism to the Renaissance grotesque, although he underscores the living tradition of Renaissance grotesque realism in world literature. He ex plains that the Renaissance grotesque is reduced and transformed in ulterior periods, and thus the Romantic grotesque (and the modernist grotesque) is more like an individual carnival, marked by a vivid sense of isolation, losing laughters regenerating power.(37).One notable portion in Bakhtins historicization of the grotesque is, however, that the eighteenth-century grotesque is almost invisible between the Renaissance grotesque and the Romantic grotesque. One reason would be, as Bakhtin implies, that the eighteenth century instantly inherited the Renaissance grotesque but also embedded the elements of classicism or cold rationalism a time that the positive bodily magnification of Rabelais and the burgess disciplined body were uncomfortably commingled and intensely struggled with individually other. Thus the eighteenth-century grotesque was the space in which the Renaissance struggle between the Grotesque and the unstained was continued in a displaced form of the struggle be tween the lingering force of the Renaissance grotesque and now ascending bourgeois rationalism, classical bourgeois reason. The Augustan formal verse satire of Dryden, Pope, or Swift played out the unprecedentedly intense contention between the classical-rational and the grotesque through an special(a) mixture of refined, sophisticated forms and disorderly, brimming-over contents. Swift also embodies the bitter conflict of the classical-rational and the grotesque through (the relation of) the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos in Gullivers Travels, a Menippean satire and a novel, which remarkably displays the uneven characteristic of the eighteenth-century grotesque.Although critics have increasingly acknowledged that Gullivers Travels is a Menippean satire, there are few detailed readings of the work in the Menippean tradition, particularly in relation to Bakhtins concept of the genre as an authentic precursor of the novel. While scrutinizing the relation of the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos as a privileged locus of the Swiftian grotesque, the political place of the grotesque will be revealed, which is embedded in the Yahoos as an allegory of the Irish, or colonial subjects, and then briefly examine the political dimension of (low) realism.The Menippean fantastic usually generates three effects, which are fully used in Gullivers Travels. First, the fantastic adventure provides a new, non-human perspective that defamiliarizes our accustomed world, or debunks our habitual, human-centered way of thinking. As Bakhtin describes, it provokees and tests a truth by using the observation from some unusual point of view, from on high, for example, which results in a radical change in the scale of the observed phenomena of life(116). Secondly, the Menippean fantastic engages commonplace imagination or a comic, carnivalesque spirit the popularity of Gullivers Travels, particularly as a classic childrens book, is considerably indebted to this folkloric imagination embedded in the fantastic. Thirdly, the fantastic offers an juncture to critique the authors (and the assumed readers) contemporary reality, usually by imagining an upside-down world or a Utopian society. In the imagined spaces of Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, or Houyhnhnmland (or Yahooland), Swift cuttingly criticizes the interior(prenominal) policies of England as well as the overall imperialism of Europe.Gullivers first meal at the Brobdingnagian farmers house illustrates how the three levels of the fantastic-ultimate questions, popular laughter, and a critique of contemporary reality-are concurrently generated in Gullivers Travels. When the farmers wife gave him something to eat and drink, Gulliver says hemake her a low bow, took out my knife and fork, and fell to eat, which gave them exceeding delight .1 took up the vessel with practically difficulty in both hands, and in a most venerating trend drank to her ladyships health, expressing the words as loud as I could in English, which made the company laugh so heartily, that I was almost deafened with the noise. (85).To imagine Gulliver taking out his fork and knife from his magic pockets, in which he seems to have everything necessary wherever he is stranded, is certainly hilarious. Apart from that, why is this scene full of humor, and why does the reader participate in the Brobdingnagians delight and laughter at Gullivers actions? To use knife and fork in eating is a common custom in eighteenth-century Europe, and to drink to her ladyships health in a most respectful manner is also a well-mannered behavior. Yet from the perspective of the Brobdingnagians, to whom Gulliver is like a small dangerous sensual or a opposed animal at first (83, 90), his kindlyly tailored and overly polite behaviors could look affected or ridiculous mostly because of the incongruity between a strange animal and his pretense to be a perfectly civilized man. Their giant perspective makes us see Gullivers pride in his being a valet who a cts according to the social code, and by extension, the pride of all humankind in his or her exclusive claim to high civilization. Moreover, a non-human view renders the European manner of using knife and fork or making a gallant compliment on the hostess not so much absolute social etiquette but one cultural custom among many cultural possibilities. To Brobdingnagians, it makes little difference whether a small animal like Gulliver uses knife and fork (as in Europe) or his fingers (as in some other cultures), although using fingers for pabulum is an unequivocal sign of barbarism from a European perspective. Likewise, a humble showing of gratitude for food would be as good as a showy display of a toast for the hostess in a Brobdingnagians view.The Olympian perspective of the Brobdingnagians, which almost innocently exposes the limited view of human beings, also serves as a device of a severe attack on human folly or pride. When Gulliver finished his talking ofhis own beloved countr y, the Brobdingnagin king could not forbear taking Gulliver up in his right hand, and stroking him gently with the other, after an significant fit of laughing, asked him whether he was a Whig or a Tory. Then turning to his first minister he observed how contemptible a thing was human grandeur, which could be mimicked by such diminutive dirt balls as I (100). What makes the kings rhetorical question incisive does not derive from any political considerations but from the sheer sizing difference between the king and Gulliver the kings gesture of stroking Gulliver gently with his left hand nullifies a pressing problem in eighteenth-century England into a trivial or meaningless one. The exorbitant pride and atrociousness of humankind, which the king points out repeatedly, looks more preposterous in the frame where giants are human and Gulliver is a diminutive insect. We humans become the most pernicious race of little odious vermin or an impotent and groveling an insect (123, 125) from a Brobdingnagianss view. Laughter is reduced to the level of bitterness here.The fantastic convention of Menippean satire is entangled with another main convention of the genre metamorphosis. Gullivers travels into fantastic lands are coextensive with his experiences of metamorphosis into a strange, monstrous, violent or grotesque being. Metamorphosis, like the fantastic, holds a formal generic significance as opposed to the classical aesthetics of high genres. It destroys the epic and tragic wholeness of a person and his fate the possibility of another person and another life are revealed in him he ceases to coincide with himself, as Bakhtin notes. To compare Gullivers fantastic travels and Odysseuss epic journey around their encounter with a monster and its effect on their identities is illuminating. When Odysseus confronts a savage monster, Polyphemus, it is his fate and his character to defeat the Cyclops by using his wiles, as is evidenced in Polyphemus later recall of the p rophecy. Throughout his long journey, Odysseuss identity never changes, despite his varied disguises, with any encounters with monsters, like Charibdis, Scylla, or Circe. The boundary between a hero and a monster, or the self and the other, cannot be blurred in Odysseus. In contrast, Gullivers encounters with giant Brobdingnagians, which he understandably regarded as monsters at first (seven monsters like himself came toward him 82), shakes his identity to the core. While the Brobdignagians regard themselves as humans, it is Gulliver who becomes a monster, or an unnatural anomaly among those humans. The scholars of Brobdingnag unanimously conclude that Gulliver is Lusus Naturae, or a freak of nature (98). Metamophorsis assumes a permeating line between a hero and a monster, and Gullivers experience of being transformed into a monster among the pigmy Lilliputians or the giant Brobdingnagians (as far as to see himself as a freak) manifests a different concept of self and the other in Menippean satire from that in high genres like The Odyssey. While Odysseus unfailingly defeats various monsters in his way home to reestablish his (social) identity, Gulliver suffers being transformed into grotesque figures in his fantastic adventures just now to be mad when he is back home.Gullivers experience as a grotesque being is not only significant in the frame of the fantastic but also holds a strong social resonance-to people in the margin or periphery, a metaphoric transformation into a grotesque being is neither rare nor bizarre, anyway. Gullivers odd trials in Brobdingnag or Lilliput not only involve becoming a symbolic monster, like a diminutive insect or Man-Mountain, but also signify being thrown into a socially abject, precarious position, like a slave or a highly vulnerable courtier. In Brobdingnag, Gulliver has to go through the ignominy of being carried about for a monster, till he is half dead with weariness and vexation since now he is his masters slave (92, 9 3, 95). Likewise, despite the high title of Nardac in Lilliput, Gulliver is notified of his friends generous proposal to get him blind and eventually starved to death as an alternating(a) to capital punishment, on which Gulliver says having never been designed for a courtier either by my birth or education 1 could not discover the lenity and promote of this sentence (69).Gullivers denial of his own identity, or the denial of his monstrosity among the normal inhabitants of Brobdignag, certainly anticipates his total conversion in Houyhnhnmland, his ardent wish to be like the Houyhnhnms and the insistent denial of his Yahooness. And as much as the fantastic lands are overlapped with the real world, Gullivers denial of his abject, grotesque identity so as to be like his dominant masters comes to signify the split identity of a colonial subject. In fact, Gullivers shifting and conflicting subject positions (as a colonized and a colonizer) end-to-end the whole narrative prepares him f or his ultimate madness, a total split identity between his Yahooness and his desire to be a Houyhnhnm.The eventual madness of Gulliver, who always keeps his olfactory organ well stopped with rue, lavender, or tobacco leaves to avoid the offensive smell of a Yahoo (271), or converses with his horses at least four hours every day to break his virtue (266), reflects not so much Swifts stark misanthropy but a common Menippean experiment with a split self. As is typical of Menippean satire, Gullivers madness contains a comic element. Even the most serious reader would smile at the moments like as soon as I entered the house, my wife took me in her arms, and kissed me, at which having not been used to the touch of that odious animal for so many years, I fell in a swoon for almost an hour (265), or I feel my spirits revived by the smell the groom contracts in the stable (266).Scattered throughout Bakhtins works, we can find references to Swift as a central author in the eighteenth centu ry, who inherited and developed the Renaissance grotesque and Menippean imagination the contents of the carnival-grotesque element were preserved in the work of Swift this line of experimental fantasicality continues in Rabelais, Swift, Voltaire and others. Yet there seem to be some notable differences between the Renaissance or Rabelaisian grotesque (that Bakhtin stresses) and the Swiftian grotesque. A conspicuous example of this difference is the peculiar image of the body in Swift, his excremental vision, or the hallmark of his scatological imagery. Bakhtin explains that in Rabelaiss grotesque realism, the bodily element is deeply positive it is opposed to severance from the material and bodily roots of the world (19). As any reader would remark, however, the body image in Gullivers Travels is hard to be described as deeply positive. Swifts body is rather full of filthy, despicable, ugly, burdensome, obscene, or scatological images. Gullivers description of the monstrous breast o f a nurse in Brobdingnag ( the imbue both of the nipple and the dug so varified with spots, pimples and freckles, that nothing could appear more nauseous 87), or of a woman beggar in the country with a crab louse in her breast, swelled to a monstrous size, full of holes (105), is only a couple of memorable examples that display negative images of the body in Gullivers Travels. Swifts body also does not involve the image of brimming-over, ambivalence, or regeneration, which Bakhtin asserts are the core principles of the material bodily lower stratum in the Renaissance grotesque. In Gullivers Travels the exaggerated bodily image becomes deplorable repletion, from which all diseases arise (233), or the ultimate culprit of bodily diseases. Human beings are sick because we eat when we were not hungry, and drank without the provocation of disposition (233), as Gulliver mentions to his master Houhynhnm.Gullivers Travels embodies the intimate relation of the grotesque-allegorical and rea lism in its own peculiar manner.Gullivers Travels is a crucial work in the discussion of realism in the novel partly because it illustrates how grotesque aesthetics, a crucial part of low realism, positively invokes the authors bad contemporary reality. If realism all the same matters, one reason lies in that it evokes the embroiled relation between text and world, the real world in which all kinds of oppression, constraints, or injustice-i. e. the objects of Swifts satire-are still happening. It is not surprising that the definition of realism is so various as to seem nearly meaningless, for the definition of reality is so much different as that of realism, depending on each individual or each period terms like psychological realism, fantastic realism, or historical realism, already imply what the user of the term thinks is the fundamental reality-psychology, fantasy, or history. The political dimension of realism constitutes an integral part of it since realism involves an inevit able question of whose reality is at stake. Houyhnhnmland is also Yahooland, according to whose reality is dominant. The Houyhnhnms have had debates for ages about the extermination of the Yahoos, but the Yahoos in turn seem to be ready to have rebellion or mutiny, given a provocation, like the inhabitants of Lindalino. Swift gives a most unworthy form to the Yahoos, and even does not give a voice to them they only howl. However, he makes the reader see that Houyhnhnmland is also Yahooland, not explicitly nevertheless, but still powerfully and disturbingly.